From the sage Gṛtsamada was born Śaunaka, renowned as the institutor of the fourfold order. In another lineage, from Kāśya came Kāśya, and from him the king of Kāśī. This royal line continued with Rāṣṭra, whose son was Dīrghatapā. Dīrghatapā’s son was the illustrious Dhanvantari. Dhanvantari, accomplished in every act and unique among all beings, was granted a boon by the blessed Nārāyaṇa, the all-knowing, during a previous creation. The boon declared: “Having descended in the lineage of the kings of Kāśī, you will properly divide the science of life, Āyurveda, into eight branches, and you will receive a share of the sacrificial offerings.” Dhanvantari’s son was Ketumān; Ketumān’s son, Bhīmaratha; Bhīmaratha’s son, Divodāsa; and Divodāsa’s son, Pratardana. Pratardana, having destroyed the line of Bhadraśreṇya and conquered all his enemies, became known as Śatrujit. Because his son was dear to him, Pratardana was called Vatsa, and thus his son was known as Vatsa. Due to his devotion to truth, he was also called Ṛtadhvaja. Later, he obtained a horse named Kuvalaya, earning him the name Kuvalayāśva throughout the earth. The son of this Kuvalayāśva was Alarka, about whom the following verse is still sung: for six thousand and six hundred years, no one other than Alarka, while still young, ruled the earth. Alarka’s son was Sannati. Sannati’s son was Sunitha; Sunitha’s son, Suketu; and Suketu’s son, Dharmaketu. From Dharmaketu came Satyaketu, then Vibhu, then Suvibhu, followed by Sukumara, then Drishtaketu, Vitihotra, Bharga, and Bhargabhumi. With Bhargabhumi came the establishment of the fourfold order. These are the kings of the Kashyapa line. Now listen to the lineage of Raji. Raji had five hundred sons, all possessing incomparable strength and sovereignty. At the beginning of the war between the gods and the demons, both sides, eager to destroy each other, approached Brahma and asked, “Lord, in this conflict, which side will be victorious?” Brahma replied, “Victory will be with the side for which Raji takes up arms and fights.” The demons approached Raji and requested his help, but Raji said, “I will fight for you if, after victory, I become your Indra.” The demons replied, “We will not say or do otherwise; for us, Prahlada is Indra, and for that purpose we strive.” Having said this, they departed. The gods also approached Raji in the same way, and when he replied similarly, they said, “You shall be Indra,” as they desired. With Raji’s help and the army of the gods, the entire demon host was destroyed by many great weapons. Indra, having defeated the enemy, bowed at Raji’s feet, placed his own head there, and said, “You are my father, my protector from fear and giver of refuge, the highest among all beings, of whom I am the son and lord of the three worlds.” The king, smiling, replied, “So be it; for a respectful greeting, even if filled with many flattering words from the enemy’s side, cannot be disregarded.” Having said this, he returned to his own city. Indra, the wielder of a hundred sacrifices, retained the position of Indra. But when Raji ascended to heaven, prompted by the sage Narada, Raji’s sons, by custom, requested the kingdom from Indra, their father’s friend and son. When Indra did not grant it, Raji’s sons, being stronger, defeated Indra and themselves assumed the position of Indra. After a long time had passed, Brihaspati, seeing Indra alone, deprived of his share of the three worlds’ sacrifices, spoke to him. Indra said, “You should at least give me a piece of sacrificial cake the size of a jujube fruit for my nourishment.” Brihaspati replied, “If you had asked me earlier, what would I not have done for your sake?” He assured Indra, “In just a few days, I will restore you to your own position,” and then performed a ritual to bewilder the minds of Raji’s sons and increase Indra’s power. Overcome by this delusion, Raji’s sons abandoned righteousness, turned away from the Vedas, and were destroyed by Indra, who, with his power restored by the priest, ascended to heaven. Hearing of Indra’s fall and restoration, a man does not suffer misfortune or wickedness. Rambha was childless. Kshatravriddha’s son was Pratikshatra, whose son was Sanjaya; then Vijaya, from whom came Yajnakrit; his son was Harshavardhana; Harshavardhana’s son, Sahadeva; from Sahadeva came Adina; his son was Jayasena; then Samhuti; and his son, Kshatradharma—these are the descendants of Kshatravriddha. Now I will describe the lineage of Nahusha. Nahusha had six mighty and valiant sons named Yati, Yayati, Samyati, Ayati, Viyati, and Kriti. Yati did not desire the kingdom; Yayati became king and married Devayani, daughter of Ushanas, and Sharmishtha, daughter of Vrishaparvan. Because of Kavi’s curse, Yayati was afflicted with old age before his time. By the favor of Shukra’s words, Yayati wished to transfer his old age and said to his eldest son Yadu, “Because of your mother’s great curse, old age has come upon me prematurely; by her grace, I may transfer it to you for a thousand years, so that, satisfied with pleasures, I may enjoy your youth.” When told, “You must not refuse this,” Yadu did not wish to accept that old age; so his father cursed him, saying, “Your descendants will not inherit the kingdom because of you.” Then the lord of the earth urged Drahya, Turvasa, and Anu, in order to give them his own youth and to take on old age himself. But each of them, one by one, refused, and so he cursed them. Next, he spoke in the same way to Puru, the youngest son of Sharmishtha. Puru, whose mind was very inclined toward his father, bowed with great respect and said, “This is a great favor to us,” and nobly accepted old age. He gave his own youth to his father. His father, having obtained new youth, enjoyed pleasures as he wished, in accordance with righteousness, time, and his own strength, and governed his subjects well. Enjoying pleasures together with Vishvaci, his mind became daily absorbed in the thought, “I will reach the end of desires.” Day by day, through enjoyment, he considered the pleasures to be exceedingly delightful. Yet, desire is never satisfied by the enjoyment of objects; like fire fed with ghee, it only grows all the more. Even all the rice, barley, gold, cattle, and women on earth are not enough for a single man; therefore, one should abandon excessive craving. When a person does not harbor evil intent toward any being and sees all with equal vision, then all directions become pleasant for him. That craving, which is hard to give up by those of misguided mind, and does not age even as the body ages—by abandoning that, the wise one is easily fulfilled. As a person ages, his hair and teeth grow old, but the desire for wealth and life does not grow old, even as he does. Even after a full thousand years, with his mind attached to pleasures, Yayati found that, day by day, his craving only increased. Therefore, he resolved to abandon this craving, fix his mind on the divine, and, free from attachment and possessiveness, wander with the deer. Taking old age from Puru and giving him youth, he anointed Puru as king and departed to the forest for penance. He assigned Turvasa to the southeastern direction, Druhyu to the western, and Yadu to the southern path, thus establishing their places in the world.