Listen, O wise one, to the teachings of those skilled in mathematics and sacred calculation. They declare that to begin, one must divide the diameter of a circle by eight. Then, by taking a fourth part, multiplying it by the measure known as the arrow, and subtracting accordingly, one arrives at four times the sought measure. When the chord, arrow, and bowstring are considered together with the square of the circle, and these are multiplied and divided by the diameter, the mean value is revealed. To determine the thickness—whether gross, mean, or least—one must divide the circle’s distinct marks by their respective parts. The length is obtained by multiplying the diameter by the measure of water and then again by the thickness, reckoned in finger-breadths. When the breadth, length, and thickness are multiplied together, the total measure in finger-breadths is found. Thus, height, diameter, and length, O twice-born, are all to be measured in finger-breadths and not by any other means. When breadth and length are multiplied, the measure in cubits is obtained. Furthermore, by multiplying the lamp, the peg, and the hole together, O sage, the measure of the peg is determined. In turn, the peg, multiplied by the lamp and the lower hole, yields the height of the lamp, O wise one. The distance between the lamp and the peg, when multiplied by the difference at the tip of the shadow, gives the extent of the light. The height of the lamp’s flame is said to be three times the sign. Now, I shall explain the mean position of the planet, without excessive detail, in the process of calculation. Of these measures, four tenths are known as the ‘square’ or ‘quarter’ part. Seventy-one, together with the years of Manu and Krita, combine to make up the yugas, the great cycles of time. That sacred night, O foremost of Brahmins, has thus been described. The movements of the planets are to be determined from the very beginning of the yuga. The worship of the Sun, Jupiter, Venus, and the lunar nodes, as well as those who have previously sinned, is to be performed with due reverence. The eyes of Mars are described in the forms of ten, three, eight, and six. Jupiter’s forms are ten, two, and one, and the invocation follows the same count. Saturn’s forms are six, five, as well as those of the Moon and the serpent. For the left side of the nodes, their own fire, restraint, the horse, and the forms of ten are prescribed. The forms of the Vasus, two and eight, the shapes of mountains, and seven mountain tithis are present in the yuga. When tithis are lost, the forms are two, eight, sky, arrows, and the Ashvins. Six, three, fire, Veda, fire again, five, and the shining rays represent the months. For Mars, its own Veda is to be considered; for Mercury, eight seasons and fires are prescribed. For Saturn, cows and fires are regarded as the forms of the nodes. For Krita, mountain, moon, victory, one sound, fire, and joy are prescribed as attributes. In the present yuga, the names of the years are given according to the planets. The lunar months are divided according to the solar months, and twice the loss of tithis is observed as the lunar days are divided. Thus, the Sāvana, solar, lunar, and other days, months, and years are described in this tradition. The total numbers of months, years, and days, combined with their forms, are to be multiplied by two or three, as the calculation demands. The sum of days, divided by the number of fortnights, is then multiplied by the number of inauspicious days. In this way, those who have accumulated sins in previous lives are said to experience the fruits of their actions, whether slowly or swiftly. Eight hundred yojanas are considered the measure of the earth’s circumference, and this is doubled for the ear-shaped extensions. The true circumference of the earth is revealed by multiplying the chord by its own sine and then by the radius. The results derived from these calculations of time units must be harmonized with the movements of the planets. It is said that the dwellings of demons and ascetics are found along the central line between two mountains. In that region where the days of the week and speech begin, the loss is said to be greater by half. Thus, O seeker, are these sacred measures and cosmic truths revealed, for those who are devoted to understanding the order of the universe.