O Sage, hear now the sacred account of the rules and operations as declared in the science of measures. First, the operation known as 'samatra' is set forth, and the proper rule for dealing with solid substances is established in its place. When one has acquired wealth, it must be purified—this is done by considering the odd numbers from the last, and such a purified value is called the root. With this root, one should cleanse that which has been diminished, as well as the entity known as 'nighnī'. In the mutual exchange—whether taking or diminishing—each share must be precisely apportioned. Those who ponder the inner meaning of this science should carefully discern the proportion within these shares. By removing shares from the total, each is then assigned its own enhanced portion. When the shares are found to be equal, O Sage, their combination is to be performed at the end. The outcome arises from the operations of subtracting, dividing, diminishing, and multiplying the differing shares. The remainder that results from dividing the shares must be noted, and the rule of multiplication is then to be applied. At each step of the process, one should produce a sound, and likewise, a sound should be made throughout, marking the accomplishment of each stage. Both one’s own debt and the debt owed to oneself should be made manifest, in order to discern the sign within the zodiac. The portion here remains unchanged; but in the reverse operation, the remainder is as previously described. By multiplying the desired value with the observed one, the quotient corresponding to the zodiac is obtained, but not for those values unassigned. The difference between zodiac signs represents the surplus of the group, and for one who is born, those two values are taken. A group is divided in this way, and thus, a single zodiac sign is deemed superior. In another union of groups, the singles are the zodiac signs, and the groups are comprised of these two. Both seekers are made manifest, and in calculation, only what is manifest is to be considered. Half the product of the observed value is not added; instead, the product, gathered into a group, serves as the multiplier. In the same manner, the root multiplier, when divided by those two, is achieved just as with the manifest value. The desired value, multiplied by the first remainder taken, yields the result, which is then separated by the reverse operation. The result can be found by dividing among many zodiac signs, or by using a smaller number. Time, when multiplied by the measure, and again by the elapsed time, gives the required result. From the outcome involving many zodiac signs, the fruit of a few zodiac months is abundant. The throws, when mixed and diminished, and then divided by their union, yield the respective results. The full value proceeds onward; the same applies for the excellent one, and likewise for the increase of the group. The single value, its product, and the principal measure are all found within the superior multiplier. Steps involving other actions—such as hearing—reach their summit, and one must also consider the faults of the ear and the group. By multiplying the difference between two signs by two and adding that product to their sum, one arrives at a key value. The diameter, O Sage, is then said to be the square root of that sum. The diameter is likened to the arrow, and the length of the arrow is derived from the diameter by the rule governing arrows. Thus, those skilled in mathematics declare that the diameter divided by eight yields a certain value. By multiplying a fourth part and the arrow, and then subtracting, one obtains four times the measure. The chord, arrow, and bowstring, together with the square of the circle, when multiplied and divided by the diameter, yield the mean value. The gross, mean, and least thicknesses are determined by dividing the circle’s marks by their respective parts. The length is found by multiplying the diameter by the water measure, and again by the thickness measured in finger-breadths. The breadth, length, and thickness, when multiplied together, yield the measure in finger-breadths. The height, diameter, and length, O twice-born, are also to be measured in finger-breadths, and in no other way. Thus, the breadth and length, when multiplied, yield the measure in cubits. The lamp, the peg, and the hole, when multiplied together, O Sage, give the measure of the peg. And finally, the peg, when multiplied by the lamp and the lower hole, reveals the height of the lamp, O wise one. Thus are the rules and operations of measure and calculation, as revealed by the ancient seers, faithfully recounted for your understanding.