O best of sages, know that the rules of expiation apply everywhere, embracing all who seek purification. Among the matters of transgression, three kinds of liquor are to be recognized: Gauḍī, Paiṣṭī, and Mādhvī. For those who have erred, purification may involve milk, ghee, or cow urine—any one of these, chosen as appropriate. The prescribed method is to treat the substance until it resembles cooked iron, and then to drink water afterward. Be warned, however: if one drinks from a copper vessel, death may result. Should a twice-born person drink liquor unknowingly, believing it to be something else, he must live in accordance with the consequences of that act. If liquor is consumed for the sake of curing disease or as medicine, the matter is viewed differently. Care must also be taken with vessels: a container touched by liquor, or water from a liquor vessel, is likewise considered impure. There are many types of liquor: palm liquor, pānasa, grape wine, and that which comes from dates. Along with Gauḍī, Mādhvī, surā, and madya, there are eleven kinds remembered in tradition. If a twice-born drinks any one of these unknowingly—whether openly, secretly, or by force—there are specific measures to be taken. The correct measure of gold, as defined by Manu and other sages, is determined thus: place it in a window in sunlight and observe. Eight specks of dust make a niṣka; three niṣkas make a royal mustard seed; three barley grains make a kṛṣṇala; five kṛṣṇalas make a māṣa. If one unknowingly takes Brahmin property, one should atone for twelve years, as previously prescribed. The same applies to property belonging to gurus, sacrificers, and the righteous. When true repentance is felt within the body, one should fully undertake the prescribed penance. If a Kṣatriya takes Brahmin property and later feels remorse, he must perform the sāṃtapana penance and fast for twelve days. Anyone who sits on another’s seat, or takes cows, land, and similar things, must also atone. For stealing gold equal to a speck of dust, penance should be performed with full concentration. If one takes gold the size of a niṣka, the threefold prāṇāyāma is required. For stealing gold equal in weight to a cow’s mustard seed, one must act in accordance with the gravity of the act. A twice-born who steals gold the size of a barley grain becomes purified by proper penance. But if the gold is the size of a black mustard seed, the sāṃtapana penance is necessary. To purify oneself from such sin, one may eat barley cooked in cow’s urine for one year. Observing the vow for slaying a Brahmin for twelve years, with full concentration, is also prescribed in grave cases. The sāṃtapana penance should be properly performed; otherwise, one becomes fallen. If silver is stolen, O sage, the learned should perform the cāndrāyaṇa penance. For greater purification, two cāndrāyaṇa penances are prescribed. For theft exceeding a thousand, the vow for slaying a Brahmin must be observed. When the amount reaches a thousand niṣkas, the parāka penance is declared. Now, regarding the expiation for approaching the teacher’s wife: the transgressor should cut off his own scrotum, proclaiming his sin. Whether experiencing happiness or suffering, he should never reflect or waver on his path. Alternatively, declaring his sin, he may leap from a precipice or into the wind. He should observe the vow for slaying a Brahmin for twelve years with unwavering focus. Finally, when burned by a fire of cow dung, the best among the twice-born becomes purified. Thus, O sage, are the means of expiation and purification, as declared by the wise.