Let us journey together through the sacred geography described in these verses, exploring the wondrous islands and their divine features as revealed by the sages. First, Mahatī is spoken of as the seventh river, also called Dhṛti. From these rivers, hundreds and thousands more arise, flowing wherever Indra sends his rains. Thus is the arrangement of Kuśadvīpa, whose extent and nature have now been described. Kuśadvīpa is eternal and surrounded by the ocean of clarified butter and water. This great island is encircled like the full moon, and in both breadth and circumference, it is considered twice the size of the milk ocean. Next comes the description of Krauñca-dvīpa, which is twice the size of Kuśadvīpa. It too is surrounded completely by the ocean of clarified butter and water, encircling it in the shape and measure of a wheel’s rim. Within Krauñca-dvīpa rise the foremost mountains. Devana is named first, followed by Govinda. Beyond Govinda stands Krauñca, the primary mountain, then comes Pāvanaka, followed by Andhakāraka. Beyond Andhakāraka is Devāvṛt, and beyond Devāvṛt stands Puṇḍarīka, the great mountain. These seven mountains of Krauñca-dvīpa are made of precious gems, and each varṣa-mountain is twice the breadth of the previous. The regions of this dvīpa are named thus: Krauñca’s region is Kuśala; Vāmana’s is Manonuga. Beyond Manonuga lies Uṣṇa, the third region; beyond Uṣṇa is Pāvanaka, then Andhakāraka. From Andhakāraka’s region is Munideśa, and beyond Munideśa is Dundubhisvana. The people here are pure and mostly fair, mingling with Siddhas and Cāraṇas. The rivers flowing through each region are auspicious. Among the rivers remembered here are Gaurī, Kumudvatī, Saṃdhyā, Rātri, Manojavā, Khyātī, and Puṇḍarīkā, as well as the sacred Gaṅgā. Thousands of other rivers flow nearby and along their banks, abundant and full of water. The nature and succession of these regions cannot be fully described, even in hundreds of years. Now, the story turns to the creation and destruction of beings in these lands, and the account moves to Śālmalī-dvīpa. Śālmalī-dvīpa is twice the extent of Krauñca-dvīpa and is surrounded by the ocean of curd and water. The settlements here are virtuous; people live long lives and famine never occurs, for they are endowed with the strength of earth and energy. The first mountain, shining like the sun, is called Sumanā; the middle mountain is yellow, and then comes a mountain made of pots. Sarvasukha, endowed with divine herbs, is the third mountain, and the golden mountain resembling the wings of a bee is also present. There is a great and divine mountain named Rohita, a splendid peak where the land is pleasant, skillful, and brings forth happiness and well-being. The third Rohita, known as Rohiṇa, is renowned for its jewels, guarded by Indra himself. Prajāpati, pleased, arranges everything here. In this land, clouds do not rain, nor is there cold or heat as elsewhere. In these three islands, there is no talk of castes or life-stages, no planets, nor moon, nor envy, jealousy, or fear. Plants, waters, and mountain springs abound, and food of six tastes appears for them on its own. Among the people, there is neither low nor high, neither greed nor possession; they are healthy, strong, and enjoy perfect happiness. For thirty thousand years, the inhabitants remain established in mental perfection, enjoying happiness, long life, beauty, virtue, and sovereignty. At the ends of Śālmalī, in all three islands, this auspicious order is to be understood; the arrangement of the islands at the ends of Śālmalī has been explained. The island itself is perfectly round, encircled like a wheel, and surrounded by the Suroda Ocean, which is twice its size. Now, let us hear of Gomedaka, the sixth island. The Suroda Ocean is surrounded by Gomedaka, which is twice the extent of Śālmalī. Within this island, two remarkable mountains are found: the first is Sumanā, composed of natural collyrium; the second is Kumuda, filled with all medicinal herbs. This splendid mountain is made of pure gold and greatly revered. Gomedaka is surrounded by the ocean of sweet water. The sixth ocean, twice the size of Suroda, contains the vast Dhātakī and Kumuda, the sons of Havya. The first region is called Saumana, known as the Dhātakī section, remembered as belonging to the Dhātakī. The region called Gomeda is all-blissful; after the second, Kumuda, comes the second region of Kumuda. These two mountains are round, while the rest are lofty. To the east of that island stands the Sumanā mountain, stretching its bases from east to west as far as the ocean, and in the western half stands Kumuda, situated in the same way. Thus, the sacred geography and the divine order of these islands, mountains, oceans, and regions have been revealed, each with its unique splendor and blessings, as described by the ancient sages.