Markandeya Purana

द्वितीयस्य परार्धस्य वर्तमानस्य वै द्विज । वाराह इति कल्पोऽयं प्रथमः परिकल्पितः॥४६.

O brāhmaṇa, in the second parārdha, which is now current, the first kalpa is reckoned as the Vārāha.

एवंविधाः सृष्टयस्तु ब्रह्मणोऽव्यक्तजन्मनः । शर्वर्यन्ते प्रबुद्धस्य कल्पे कल्पे भवन्ति वै॥४८.

Such are the creations of Brahma, whose birth is unmanifest; at the end of the night, when he awakens, they come into being in each and every kalpa.

प्राकारपरिखाहीनां पुरं खर्वटमुच्यते । शाखानगरकञ्चान्यन्मन्त्रिसामन्तभुक्तिमत्॥४९.

A settlement lacking walls and moats is called a kharvata; other types are branch-towns, ministerial domains, and territories governed by vassals.

तथा शूद्रजनप्रायाः स्वसमृद्धिकृषीबलाः । क्षेत्रोपभोग्यभूमध्ये वसतिर्ग्रामसंज्ञिता॥४९.

Likewise, dwellings chiefly inhabited by Shudras, sustained by their own prosperity and agricultural labor, situated amidst fields and usable land, are known as villages.

अन्यस्मान्नगरादेर्या कार्यमुद्दिश्य मानवैः । क्रियते वसतिः सा वै विज्ञेया वसतिर्नरैः॥४९.

Any dwelling established by people for a specific purpose, apart from cities and the like, should be understood as a residence by men.

दुष्टप्रायो विना क्षेत्रैः परभूमिचरो बली । ग्राम एव द्रमीसंज्ञो राजवल्लभसंश्रयः॥४९.

One who is mostly unruly, strong, and roams on others' land without fields is called a dramī in a village, taking refuge with the king's favor.

शकटारूढभाण्डैश्च गोपालैर्विपणं विना । गोसमूहैस्तथा घोषो यत्रेच्छाभूमिकेतनः॥४९.

A settlement of cowherds, without a marketplace, with their goods loaded on carts, and herds of cows, wherever they wish to dwell, is called a ghoṣa.

त एवं नगरादींस्तु कृत्वा वासार्थमात्मनः । निकेतनानि द्वन्द्वानां चक्रुरावसथाय वै॥४९.

Thus, after making cities and the rest for their own dwelling, they constructed abodes for pairs of people, indeed, for the sake of residence.

गृहाकारा यथा पूर्वं तेषामासन्नहीरुहाः । तथा संस्मृत्य तत्सर्वं चक्रुर्वेश्मानि ताः प्रजाः॥४९.

As before, their houses were built near trees; remembering all that, those people constructed their homes in the same way.

वृक्षस्यैवङ्गताः शाखास्तथैवञ्चापरी गताः । नताश्चैवोन्नताश्चैव तद्वच्छाखाः प्रचक्रिरे॥४९.

Just as the branches of a tree go in various directions—some bent, some raised—so too did they make the branches of their dwellings.

याः शाखाः कल्पवृक्षाणां पूर्वमासन् द्विजोत्तम । ता एव शाखा गेहानां शालात्वं तेन तासु तत्॥४९.

O best of twice-born, the branches that once belonged to the wish-fulfilling trees became the beams of houses; thus, those branches became rafters.

कृत्वा द्वन्द्वोपघातन्ते वार्तोपायमचिन्तयन् । नष्टेषु मधुना सार्धं कल्पवृक्षेष्वशेषतः॥४९.

Having destroyed the pairs, they considered means of livelihood, since the wish-fulfilling trees, along with their honey, had entirely perished.

विषादव्याकुलास्ता वै प्रजास्तृष्णाक्षुधार्दिताः । ततः प्रादुर्बभौ तासां सिद्धिस्त्रेतामुखे तदा॥४९.

Distressed by sorrow, afflicted by thirst and hunger, those people then, at the beginning of the Treta age, attained success.

वार्तास्वसाधिता ह्यन्या वृष्टिस्तासां निकामतः । तासां वृष्ट्युदकानीह यानि निम्नगतानि वै॥४९.

When other means of livelihood failed, abundant rain fell for them; from that rain, the waters that flowed into low places appeared.

वृष्ट्यावरुद्धैरभवत् स्त्रोतः खातानि निम्नगाः । ये पुरस्तादपां स्तोका आपन्नाः पृथिवीतले॥४९.

With the rain, streams and channels formed, and rivers flowed; those small amounts of water that had previously reached the earth increased.

ततो भूमेश्च संयोगादोषध्यस्तास्तदा भवन् । अफालकृष्टाश्चानुप्ता ग्राम्यारण्याश्चतुर्दश॥४९.

Then, by the union of earth and water, plants arose—fourteen kinds, both cultivated and wild, without plowing or sowing.

ऋतुपुष्पफलाश्चैव वृक्षा गुल्माश्च जज्ञिरे । प्रादुर्भावस्तु त्रेतायामाद्योऽयमौषधस्य तु॥४९.

Trees and shrubs bearing flowers and fruits in season were born; but this first appearance of plants occurred at the beginning of the Treta age.

तेनौषधेन वर्तन्ते प्रजास्त्रेतायुगे मुने । रागलोभौ समासाद्य प्रजाश्चाकस्मिकौ तदा॥४९.

By means of those plants, people lived in the Treta Yuga, O sage; but then, desire and greed suddenly arose among them.

ततस्ताः पर्यग्वह्णन्त नदीक्षेत्राणि पर्वतान् । वृक्षगुल्मौषधीश्चैवमात्मन्यायाद्यथाबलम्॥४९.

Then they began to appropriate rivers, fields, mountains, trees, shrubs, and herbs for themselves, each according to their own strength and sense of justice.

तेन दोषेण ता नेशुरौषध्यो मिषतां द्विज । अग्रसद् भूर्युगपत्तास्तदौषध्यो महामते॥४९.

Because of that fault, O twice-born, the medicinal herbs disappeared before their eyes; many of them perished at once, O wise one, and thus the herbs were lost.

पुनस्तासु प्रणष्टासु विभ्रान्तास्ताः पुनः प्रजाः । ब्रह्माणं शरणं जग्मुः क्षुधार्ताः परमेष्ठिनम्॥४९.

When those herbs were thus lost and the people became bewildered, again, afflicted by hunger, they sought refuge in Brahma, the supreme lord.

स चापि तत्त्वतो ज्ञात्वा तदा ग्रस्तां वसुन्धराम् । वत्सं कृत्वा सुमेरुन्तु दुदोह भगवान् विभुः॥४९.

Then, having truly understood that the earth had been consumed, the blessed and mighty Lord made Mount Sumeru into a calf and milked the earth.

दुग्धेयं गौस्तदा तेन शस्यानि पृथिवीतले । जज्ञिरे तानि बीजानि ग्राम्यारण्यास्तु ताः पुनः॥४९.

At that time, the earth was milked in this way, and grains appeared upon the surface of the earth; those seeds, both of cultivated and wild plants, were produced again.

ओषध्यः फलपाकान्ता गणाः सप्तदशा स्मृताः । व्रीहयश्च यवाश्चैव गोधूमा अणवस्तिलाः॥४९.

The groups of herbs that bear fruit are said to be seventeen: rice, barley, wheat, millet, and sesame.

प्रियङ्गवो ह्युदाराश्च कोरदूषाः सचीनकाः । माषा मुद्गा मसूराश्च निष्पावाः सकुलत्थकाः॥४९.

Priyangu, udara, koradusha, and chinaka; mashas, mudgas, masuras, nishpavas, and kulatthakas.

आढकाश्चणकाश्चैव गणाः सप्तदश स्मृताः । इत्येता ओषधीनान्तु ग्राम्याणां जातयः पुरा॥४९.

Adhakas and chanakas as well—these are also counted among the seventeen groups; thus, these are the ancient kinds of cultivated herbs.

ओषध्यो जज्ञियाश्चैव ग्राम्यारण्याश्चतुर्दश । व्रीहयश्च यवाश्चैव गोधूमा अणवस्तिलाः॥४९.

The herbs that are to be produced, both cultivated and wild, are fourteen: rice, barley, wheat, millet, and sesame.

प्रियङ्गुसप्तमा ह्येते अष्टमास्तु कुलत्थकाः । श्यामाकास्त्वथ नीवारा यत्तिला सगवेधुकाः॥४९.

Priyangu is the seventh, and kulattha is the eighth; shyamaka, nivara, yattilla, and gavedhuka are also included.

कुरुविन्दा मर्कटकास्तथा वेणुयवाश्च ये । ग्राम्यारण्याः स्मृता ह्येता ओषध्यश्च चतुर्दश॥४९.

Kuruvinda, markataka, and venuyava as well—these are remembered as the fourteen cultivated and wild herbs.