Markandeya Purana

चतुर्युगानां संख्याता साधिका ह्ये कसप्ततिः । मन्वन्तरं तस्य संख्यां मानुषाब्दैर्निबोध मे॥४६.

The number of four yugas in a manvantara is seventy-one plus a fraction; listen as I declare the duration of a manvantara in human years.

त्रिंशत्कोट्यस्तु संपूर्णाः संख्याताः संख्यया द्विज । सत्पषष्टिस्तथान्यानि नियुतानि च संख्यया॥४६.

Thirty crore years are the full count, O twice-born, and there are also sixty-six more niyutas in number.

विंशतिश्च सहस्राणि कालोऽयं साधिकं विना । एतन्मन्वन्तरं प्रोक्तं दिव्यैर्वर्षैर्निबोध मे॥४६.

And twenty thousand more, making this period slightly more; this is called a manvantara—hear its reckoning in divine years from me.

अष्टौ वर्षसहस्राणि दिव्यया संख्यया युतम् । द्विपञ्चाशत्तथान्यानि सहस्राण्यधिकानि तु॥४६.

Eight thousand divine years, plus fifty-two thousand more, are to be added.

चतुर्दशगुणो ह्येष कालो ब्रह्म्यमहः स्मृतम् । तस्यान्ते प्रलयः प्रोक्तो ब्रह्मन् नैमित्तिको बुधैः॥४६.

This period, multiplied by fourteen, is known as a day of Brahmā; at its end, a dissolution called naimittika is declared by the wise.

भूर्लोकोऽथ भुवर्लोकः स्वर्लोकश्च विनाशिनः । तथा विनाशमायान्ति महर्लोकश्च तिष्ठति॥४६.

The earth, the atmosphere, and heaven are all subject to destruction; thus, they perish, while the Maharloka remains.

तद्वासिनोऽपि तापेन जनलोकं प्रयान्ति वै । एकार्णवे च त्रैलोक्ये ब्रह्मा स्वपिति वै निशि॥४६.

Even the inhabitants of that world, due to the heat, go to Janaloka; and in the three worlds, covered by a single ocean, Brahmā sleeps during the night.

तत्प्रमाणैव सा रात्रिस्तदन्ते सृज्यते पुनः । एवन्तु ब्रह्मणो वर्षमेकं वर्षशतन्तु तत्॥४६.

That night is of equal measure to his day; at its end, creation arises again. In this way, one year of Brahmā is made, and a hundred such years as well.

शतं हि तस्य वर्षाणां परमित्यभिधीयते । पञ्चाशद्भिस्तथा वर्षैः परार्धमिति कीर्त्यते॥४६.

A hundred of his years is called the supreme span; and fifty years is known as a parārdha.

एवमस्य परार्धन्तु व्यतीतं द्विजसत्तम । यस्यान्तेऽभून्महाकल्पः पाद्म इत्यभिविश्रुतः॥४६.

Thus, O best of twice-born, one parārdha of his has passed; at its end occurred the great kalpa, renowned as the Padma.

द्वितीयस्य परार्धस्य वर्तमानस्य वै द्विज । वाराह इति कल्पोऽयं प्रथमः परिकल्पितः॥४६.

O brāhmaṇa, in the second parārdha, which is now current, the first kalpa is reckoned as the Vārāha.

एवंविधाः सृष्टयस्तु ब्रह्मणोऽव्यक्तजन्मनः । शर्वर्यन्ते प्रबुद्धस्य कल्पे कल्पे भवन्ति वै॥४८.

Such are the creations of Brahma, whose birth is unmanifest; at the end of the night, when he awakens, they come into being in each and every kalpa.

प्राकारपरिखाहीनां पुरं खर्वटमुच्यते । शाखानगरकञ्चान्यन्मन्त्रिसामन्तभुक्तिमत्॥४९.

A settlement lacking walls and moats is called a kharvata; other types are branch-towns, ministerial domains, and territories governed by vassals.

तथा शूद्रजनप्रायाः स्वसमृद्धिकृषीबलाः । क्षेत्रोपभोग्यभूमध्ये वसतिर्ग्रामसंज्ञिता॥४९.

Likewise, dwellings chiefly inhabited by Shudras, sustained by their own prosperity and agricultural labor, situated amidst fields and usable land, are known as villages.

अन्यस्मान्नगरादेर्या कार्यमुद्दिश्य मानवैः । क्रियते वसतिः सा वै विज्ञेया वसतिर्नरैः॥४९.

Any dwelling established by people for a specific purpose, apart from cities and the like, should be understood as a residence by men.

दुष्टप्रायो विना क्षेत्रैः परभूमिचरो बली । ग्राम एव द्रमीसंज्ञो राजवल्लभसंश्रयः॥४९.

One who is mostly unruly, strong, and roams on others' land without fields is called a dramī in a village, taking refuge with the king's favor.

शकटारूढभाण्डैश्च गोपालैर्विपणं विना । गोसमूहैस्तथा घोषो यत्रेच्छाभूमिकेतनः॥४९.

A settlement of cowherds, without a marketplace, with their goods loaded on carts, and herds of cows, wherever they wish to dwell, is called a ghoṣa.

त एवं नगरादींस्तु कृत्वा वासार्थमात्मनः । निकेतनानि द्वन्द्वानां चक्रुरावसथाय वै॥४९.

Thus, after making cities and the rest for their own dwelling, they constructed abodes for pairs of people, indeed, for the sake of residence.

गृहाकारा यथा पूर्वं तेषामासन्नहीरुहाः । तथा संस्मृत्य तत्सर्वं चक्रुर्वेश्मानि ताः प्रजाः॥४९.

As before, their houses were built near trees; remembering all that, those people constructed their homes in the same way.

वृक्षस्यैवङ्गताः शाखास्तथैवञ्चापरी गताः । नताश्चैवोन्नताश्चैव तद्वच्छाखाः प्रचक्रिरे॥४९.

Just as the branches of a tree go in various directions—some bent, some raised—so too did they make the branches of their dwellings.

याः शाखाः कल्पवृक्षाणां पूर्वमासन् द्विजोत्तम । ता एव शाखा गेहानां शालात्वं तेन तासु तत्॥४९.

O best of twice-born, the branches that once belonged to the wish-fulfilling trees became the beams of houses; thus, those branches became rafters.

कृत्वा द्वन्द्वोपघातन्ते वार्तोपायमचिन्तयन् । नष्टेषु मधुना सार्धं कल्पवृक्षेष्वशेषतः॥४९.

Having destroyed the pairs, they considered means of livelihood, since the wish-fulfilling trees, along with their honey, had entirely perished.

विषादव्याकुलास्ता वै प्रजास्तृष्णाक्षुधार्दिताः । ततः प्रादुर्बभौ तासां सिद्धिस्त्रेतामुखे तदा॥४९.

Distressed by sorrow, afflicted by thirst and hunger, those people then, at the beginning of the Treta age, attained success.

वार्तास्वसाधिता ह्यन्या वृष्टिस्तासां निकामतः । तासां वृष्ट्युदकानीह यानि निम्नगतानि वै॥४९.

When other means of livelihood failed, abundant rain fell for them; from that rain, the waters that flowed into low places appeared.

वृष्ट्यावरुद्धैरभवत् स्त्रोतः खातानि निम्नगाः । ये पुरस्तादपां स्तोका आपन्नाः पृथिवीतले॥४९.

With the rain, streams and channels formed, and rivers flowed; those small amounts of water that had previously reached the earth increased.

ततो भूमेश्च संयोगादोषध्यस्तास्तदा भवन् । अफालकृष्टाश्चानुप्ता ग्राम्यारण्याश्चतुर्दश॥४९.

Then, by the union of earth and water, plants arose—fourteen kinds, both cultivated and wild, without plowing or sowing.

ऋतुपुष्पफलाश्चैव वृक्षा गुल्माश्च जज्ञिरे । प्रादुर्भावस्तु त्रेतायामाद्योऽयमौषधस्य तु॥४९.

Trees and shrubs bearing flowers and fruits in season were born; but this first appearance of plants occurred at the beginning of the Treta age.

तेनौषधेन वर्तन्ते प्रजास्त्रेतायुगे मुने । रागलोभौ समासाद्य प्रजाश्चाकस्मिकौ तदा॥४९.

By means of those plants, people lived in the Treta Yuga, O sage; but then, desire and greed suddenly arose among them.

ततस्ताः पर्यग्वह्णन्त नदीक्षेत्राणि पर्वतान् । वृक्षगुल्मौषधीश्चैवमात्मन्यायाद्यथाबलम्॥४९.

Then they began to appropriate rivers, fields, mountains, trees, shrubs, and herbs for themselves, each according to their own strength and sense of justice.