वृक्षांस्ताः पर्यगृह्णन्त ममत्वाविष्टचेतसः । नेशुस्तेनापचारेण तेऽपि तासां महीरुहाः॥४९.
They seized those trees, their minds possessed by a sense of ownership; and because of that misconduct, those great trees too perished for them.
ततो द्वन्द्वान्यजायन्ते शीतोष्णक्षुन्मुखानि वै । तास्तद्द्वन्द्वोपघातार्थं चक्रुः पूर्वं पुराणि तु॥४९.
Then pairs of opposites arose, such as cold and heat, hunger and so on; to counteract those opposites, they first built dwellings.
मरुधन्वषु दुर्गेषु पर्वतेषु दरीषु च । संश्रयन्ति च दुर्गाणि वार्क्षं पार्वतमौदकम्॥४९.
In deserts, in fortresses, in mountains, and in caves, they also take refuge in strongholds—whether wooded, mountainous, or watery.
कृत्रिमञ्च तथा दुर्गं मित्वा मित्वात्मनो।ङ्गुलैः । मानार्थानि प्रमाणानि तास्तु पूर्वं प्रचक्रिरे॥४९.
They also constructed artificial fortresses, measuring them with their own fingers, and established standards of measurement for practical purposes as before.
परमाणुः परं सूक्ष्मं त्रषरेणुर्महीरजः । बालाग्रञ्चैव लिक्षां च यूकां चाथ यवोदरम्॥४९.
A paramāṇu is the finest particle, then a mote of dust, earth-dust, the tip of a hair, a nit, a louse, and then a barley-corn.
क्रमादष्टगुणान्याहुर्यवानष्टौ तथाङ्गुलम् । षडङ्गुलं पदं तच्च वितस्तिर्द्विगुणं स्मृतम्॥४९.
Each is said to be eight times the previous; eight barley-corns make an aṅgula (finger-breadth), six aṅgulas make a pada (foot), and a vitasti (span) is remembered as twice that.
द्वे वितस्ती तथा हस्तो ब्राह्म्यतीर्थादिवेष्टनः । चतुर्हस्तं धनुर्दण्डो नाडिकार्युगमेव च॥४९.
Two vitastis make a hasta (cubit), measured from the Brāhmī tīrtha (wrist) to the tip; four hastas make a bow’s length, a staff, and also a nāḍikā (water-clock) measure.
धनुषां द्वे सहस्रे तु गव्यूतिस्तच्चतुर्गुणम् । प्रोक्तञ्च योजवनं प्राज्ञैः संख्यानार्थमिदं परम्॥४९.
Two thousand bows make a gavyūti, and four times that is called a yojana; the wise have declared this as the supreme reckoning for measurement.
चतुर्णामथ दुर्गाणां स्वसमुत्थानि त्रीणि तु । चतुर्थं कृत्रिमं दुर्गं ते चक्रुर्यत्नतस्तु वै॥४९.
Of the four types of fortresses, three arise naturally, while the fourth, the artificial fortress, they constructed with great effort.
पुरञ्च खेटकञ्चैव तद्वद् द्रोणीमुखं द्विज । शाखानगरकञ्चापि तथा कर्वटकं द्रमी॥४९.
A city, a small fortified town, likewise a settlement shaped like a mortar, O twice-born, a branch-town, and also a hamlet are mentioned.
ग्रामं सघोषविन्यासं तेषु चावसथान् पृथक् । सोत्सेधवप्रकारञ्च सर्वतः परिखावृतम्॥४९.
A village with its arrangement of cattle-pens, and separate dwellings within them, with raised embankments and surrounded on all sides by a moat.
योजनार्धार्धविष्कम्भमष्टभागायतं पुरम् । प्रागुदक्प्रवणं शस्तं शुद्धवंशबहिर्गमम्॥४९.
A city should have a diameter of half a yojana, and be one-eighth as wide as it is long, sloping eastward or northward, and with pure bamboo exits.
तदर्धेन तथा खेटं तत्पादेन च कर्वटम् । न्यूनं द्रोणीमुखं तस्मादन्तभागेन चोच्यते॥४९.
A small fortified town is half that size, a hamlet is a quarter of that, and a mortar-shaped settlement is less than that, being measured by its end portion.
प्राकारपरिखाहीनां पुरं खर्वटमुच्यते । शाखानगरकञ्चान्यन्मन्त्रिसामन्तभुक्तिमत्॥४९.
A city or hamlet without walls or moats is called a kharvaṭa; a branch-town is another type, inhabited by ministers, vassals, and landholders.
तथा शूद्रजनप्रायाः स्वसमृद्धिकृषीबलाः । क्षेत्रोपभोग्यभूमध्ये वसतिर्ग्रामसंज्ञिता॥४९.
Likewise, those mostly inhabited by Śūdras, who are prosperous in their own right and skilled in agriculture, and situated amid arable land, are called villages.
अन्यस्मान्नगरादेर्या कार्यमुद्दिश्य मानवैः । क्रियते वसतिः सा वै विज्ञेया वसतिर्नरैः॥४९.
Any other settlement established by people for a particular purpose, apart from cities and the like, should be known as a residence by men.
दुष्टप्रायो विना क्षेत्रैः परभूमिचरो बली । ग्राम एव द्रमीसंज्ञो राजवल्लभसंश्रयः॥४९.
A settlement called a hamlet, mostly lawless, without fields, and occupied by powerful men on foreign land, is a refuge for those favored by the king.
शकटारूढभाण्डैश्च गोपालैर्विपणं विना । गोसमूहैस्तथा घोषो यत्रेच्छाभूमिकेतनः॥४९.
A ghoṣa is where cowherds, with their goods loaded on carts, without a marketplace, and with herds of cows, dwell wherever they wish.
त एवं नगरादींस्तु कृत्वा वासार्थमात्मनः । निकेतनानि द्वन्द्वानां चक्रुरावसथाय वै॥४९.
Thus, having made cities and the rest for their own dwelling, they also built residences for pairs of families to live in.
गृहाकारा यथा पूर्वं तेषामासन्नहीरुहाः । तथा संस्मृत्य तत्सर्वं चक्रुर्वेश्मानि ताः प्रजाः॥४९.
As before, their houses were built near trees; remembering all this, those people constructed their dwellings accordingly.
वृक्षस्यैवङ्गताः शाखास्तथैवञ्चापरी गताः । नताश्चैवोन्नताश्चैव तद्वच्छाखाः प्रचक्रिरे॥४९.
Just as the branches of a tree grow in various directions, some downward and some upward, so too were the branches described.
याः शाखाः कल्पवृक्षाणां पूर्वमासन् द्विजोत्तम । ता एव शाखा गेहानां शालात्वं तेन तासु तत्॥४९.
Those branches which once belonged to the wish-fulfilling trees, O best of twice-born, became the branches of homes, thus they acquired the nature of timber.
कृत्वा द्वन्द्वोपघातन्ते वार्तोपायमचिन्तयन् । नष्टेषु मधुना सार्धं कल्पवृक्षेष्वशेषतः॥४९.
After suffering mutual destruction, they considered means of livelihood, for when the honey was lost, the wish-fulfilling trees were entirely gone.
विषादव्याकुलास्ता वै प्रजास्तृष्णाक्षुधार्दिताः । ततः प्रादुर्बभौ तासां सिद्धिस्त्रेतामुखे तदा॥४९.
Distressed and overwhelmed by sorrow, the people were afflicted by thirst and hunger; then, at the beginning of the Treta age, success appeared for them.
वार्तास्वसाधिता ह्यन्या वृष्टिस्तासां निकामतः । तासां वृष्ट्युदकानीह यानि निम्नगतानि वै॥४९.
When other means of livelihood failed, abundant rain came for them; from that rain, the waters that flowed into low places became available.
वृष्ट्यावरुद्धैरभवत् स्त्रोतः खातानि निम्नगाः । ये पुरस्तादपां स्तोका आपन्नाः पृथिवीतले॥४९.
With the streams blocked by rain, channels formed in the lowlands; those small amounts of water that had previously reached the earth's surface.
ततो भूमेश्च संयोगादोषध्यस्तास्तदा भवन् । अफालकृष्टाश्चानुप्ता ग्राम्यारण्याश्चतुर्दश॥४९.
Then, from the union of earth, plants arose; fourteen kinds, both cultivated and wild, grew without being sown or plowed.
ऋतुपुष्पफलाश्चैव वृक्षा गुल्माश्च जज्ञिरे । प्रादुर्भावस्तु त्रेतायामाद्योऽयमौषधस्य तु॥४९.
Trees and shrubs bearing flowers and fruits according to the seasons were produced; and this was the first appearance of medicinal plants in the Treta age.
तेनौषधेन वर्तन्ते प्रजास्त्रेतायुगे मुने । रागलोभौ समासाद्य प्रजाश्चाकस्मिकौ तदा॥४९.
By means of those medicinal plants, people lived in the Treta age, O sage; but then, suddenly, desire and greed arose among them.
ततस्ताः पर्यग्वह्णन्त नदीक्षेत्राणि पर्वतान् । वृक्षगुल्मौषधीश्चैवमात्मन्यायाद्यथाबलम्॥४९.
Because of this, they appropriated rivers, fields, mountains, trees, shrubs, and medicinal plants for themselves, each according to their strength and means.