In the sacred geography described by the ancient sages, the world is divided into great continents, each further partitioned into illustrious regions, each bearing the name of a noble progenitor. In Krauñcadvīpa, there are seven distinguished regions. The fifth is called Kusumottara, named after Kusumottara himself. The sixth region is known as Modāka, after Modāka. The seventh, Mahādruma, takes its name from Mahādruma. Thus, each of these seven regions is known by the name of its lord. The lord of Krauñcadvīpa, Dyutimat, had seven sons: Kuśala, Manuga, Uṣṇa, Pīvara, Andhakāraka, Muni, and Dundubhi. The regions of this continent are each named after these sons. Kuśala’s region is known as Kuśala; Manuga’s as Manonuga; Uṣṇa’s as Uṣṇa; Pīvara’s as Pīvara; Andhakāraka’s as Andhakāraka; Muni’s as Muni; and Dundubhi’s as Dundubhi. These seven noble peoples dwell across Krauñcadvīpa. Similarly, in Kuśadvīpa, there are seven mighty peoples. Their leaders are Udbhida, Veṇumān, Dvairatha, Lavaṇa, Dhṛti, Prabhākara, and Kapila. The regions are named accordingly: Udbhida, Veṇumaṇḍala, Dvairatha, Lavaṇa, Dhṛtimat, Prabhākara, and Kapila. In Śālmaladvīpa, the seven lords are the sons of Vapuṣmat: Śveta, Harita, Jīmūta, Rohita, Vaidyuta, Mānasā, and Suprabha. Each region is named after its ruler: Śveta, Hārita, Jīmūta, Rohita, Vaidyuta, Mānasā, and Suprabha. Turning to Plakṣadvīpa, after Jambūdvīpa, we find that Medhātithi’s seven sons became kings and lords of this continent. The eldest was Śāntabhaya, followed by Śiśira, Sukhodaya, Ānanda, Śiva, Kṣemaka, and Dhruva. Each established his own region during the ancient Svāyambhuva Manvantara. The sons of Medhātithi settled the people of Plakṣadvīpa according to the practices of varṇa and āśrama. In Plakṣadvīpa and the regions neighboring Śākadvīpa, dharma is known in five forms, corresponding to the divisions of varṇa and āśrama. Across these five islands, happiness, long life, natural form, strength, and righteousness are common to all. The people are ever devoted to the worship of Rudra and Maheśvara; those born in Puṣkaradvīpa are also lords among the people. The devotees of Prajāpati and Rudra dwell in blissful devotion. Now, let us hear of Jambūdvīpa. Āgnīdhra, the eldest and powerful son of Kāmyā, was installed by Priyavrata as the lord of Jambūdvīpa. Āgnīdhra was deeply devoted to Bhava (Śiva), ever youthful, steadfast in austerity, and always engaged in worship, accompanied by Gomān, Dhīmān, and the best of the twice-born. Āgnīdhra had nine sons, all equal to Prajāpati in virtue, and all devoted to Maheśvara and dedicated to Mahādeva. The eldest was Nābhi, followed by his brothers Kiṃpuruṣa, Harivarṣa, Ilāvṛta, Ramya, Hiraṇmān, Kuru, Bhadrāśva, and Ketumāla. Their father, Āgnīdhra, assigned to each son a region to rule. Nābhi received the southern region called Hema. Kiṃpuruṣa was given Hemakūṭa. Hari was entrusted with Naiṣadha. Ilāvṛta, with Meru at its center, was given to Ilāvṛta. The delightful region at the base of Nīlācalā was also bestowed upon his son. Hiraṇmaya received the northern region called Śveta, while Kuru was given the northern Śṛṅgavarṣa. Bhadrāśva was assigned Mālyavat, and Ketumāla received Gandhamādana. Thus, the nine great regions were divided among the sons, each installed as ruler by Āgnīdhra. Having fulfilled his duties, Āgnīdhra devoted himself to austerity, purified by penance and self-study, and became absorbed in meditation on Śiva. The eight auspicious regions, beginning with Kiṃpuruṣa, are described as places where the inhabitants attain perfection easily and without effort. They do not experience opposites such as pleasure and pain, nor do they suffer from old age or death. Among them, there is neither righteousness nor unrighteousness, no distinctions of superior, inferior, or middling, and no division of ages. In the sacred Rudra-kshetras, all beings—whether moving or unmoving—who die, as well as those devoted or incidentally connected to Rudra, go to these blessed regions. For their welfare, Rudra himself created these eight regions, and there, the great god always manifests his presence. The inhabitants, beholding the great god in their hearts, remain ever happy, for to them, he alone is the supreme goal in this world.