Garuda Purana

विद्यादारग्वधं राजवृक्षं रैवतसंज्ञकम् । दन्ती काकेन्दुतिक्ता स्यात्कण्टकी च विकङ्कतः ॥ १,२०४.

One should know that āragvadha is called rājavṛkṣa and also raivata. Dantī, kākendu-tiktā, kaṇṭakī, and vikaṅkata are also named.

निम्बोऽरिष्टः समाख्यातः पटोलं कोलकं विदुः । वयस्था च विशल्या च च्छिन्ना छिन्नरुहा मता ॥ १,२०४.

Nimba is called ariṣṭa, and paṭola is known as kolaka. Vayasthā and viśalyā are also called chinnā and chinnaruhā.

वशा दन्त्यमृता चेति गुडूचीनामसंग्रहः । किराततिक्तकश्चैव भूनिम्बः काण्डतिक्तकः ॥ १,२०४.

Vaśā and dantyamṛtā are names for guḍūcī. Kirātatiktaka, bhūnimba, and kāṇḍatiktaka are also included.

सूत उवाच । नामान्येतानि च हरे वन्यानां भेषजां तथा । अतो व्याकरणं वक्ष्ये कुमारोक्तञ्च शौनक ॥ १,२०४.

Sūta said: These are the names, O Hari, of wild medicinal plants. Now I will explain the grammar, as spoken by Kumāra to Śaunaka.

श्रीगरुडमहापुराणम् २०५ कुमार उवाच । अथ व्याकरणं वक्ष्ये कात्यायन समासतः । सिद्धशब्दविवेकाय बालव्युत्पत्तिहेतवे ॥ १,२०५.

Kumāra said: Now I will explain the grammar, O Kātyāyana, in summary, for the discernment of established words and for the instruction of children.

सुप्तिङन्तं पदं ख्यातं सुपः सप्त विभक्तयः । स्वौजसः प्रथमा प्रोक्ता सा प्रातिपदिकात्मके ॥ १,२०५.

A word ending with a sup or tiṅ is called a pada. 'Sup' refers to the seven cases; 'svaujasaḥ' is called the first case, which is inherent in the base word.

सम्बोधने च लिङ्गादावुक्ते कर्मणि कर्तरि । अर्थवत्प्रातिपदिकं धातुप्रत्ययवर्जितम् ॥ १,२०५.

In the vocative, as well as in gender and other contexts, when the agent or object is not expressed, a meaningful base word, devoid of verbal suffixes, is used.

अमौशसो द्वितीया स्यात्तत्कर्म क्रियते च यत् । द्वितीया कर्मणि प्रोक्तान्तरान्तरेण संयुते ॥ १,२०५.

'Amauśasaḥ' is the second case, used for the object of an action; the second case is stated for the object, especially when joined with another.

टाभ्यांभिसस्तृतीया स्यात्करणे कर्तरीरिता । येन क्रियते करणं तत्कर्ता यः करोति सः ॥ १,२०५.

'Ṭābhyāṃbhis' is the third case, used for the instrument or agent. That by which an action is done is the instrument; the one who does it is the agent.

ङेभ्यांभ्यसश्चतुर्थो स्यात्सम्प्रदाने च कारके । यस्मै दित्सा धारयते रोचते सम्प्रदानकम् ॥ १,२०५.

The fourth case ending is formed from ṅebhyām and bhyas, and is used for the recipient; wherever one intends to give, desires to bestow, the dative case is applied.

पञ्चमी स्यान्ङसिभ्यांभ्योह्यपादाने च कारके । यतोऽपैति समादत्ते उपादत्ते भयं यतः ॥ १,२०५.

The fifth case ending is formed from ṅasi, bhyām, and bhyas, and is used for the ablative; wherever something departs, is taken, is received, or where fear arises from, the ablative case is remembered.

ङसोसामश्च षष्ठी स्यात्स्वामिसम्बन्धमुख्यके । ङयोः सुपो वै सप्तमी स्यात्सा चाधिकरणे भवेत् ॥ १,२०५.

The sixth case ending is formed from ṅas, ām, and is used for the primary relation of ownership; from ṅa and su, the seventh case ending arises, and it is applied to the locus.

आधारश्चाधिकरणं रक्षार्थानां प्रयोगतः । ईप्सितं चानीप्सितं यत्तदपादानकं स्मृतम् ॥ १,२०५.

The substratum is the locus, applied for the purpose of protection; whatever is desired or undesired is considered the ablative.

पञ्चमी पर्युपाङ्योगे इतरर्तेऽन्यदिङ्मुखे । एनयोगे द्वितीया स्यात्कर्मप्रवचनीयकैः ॥ १,२०५.

The fifth case is used in association with paryupāṅ, and for other meanings directed elsewhere; when en is joined, the second case is used with verbs expressing action.

वीप्सेत्थम्भावचिह्नेऽभिर्भागेनैव परिप्रती । अनुरेषु सहार्थे च हीनेऽनूपश्च कथ्यते ॥ १,२०५.

For repeated action, for the sign of support, for division, and for complete distribution; in the sense of accompaniment, for deficiency, and for proximity, these are described.

द्वितीया च चतुर्थो स्याच्चेष्टायां गतिकर्मणि । अप्राणे हि विभक्ती द्बे मन्यकर्मण्यनादरे ॥ १,२०५.

The second and fourth cases are used for effort and for verbs of movement; for inanimate objects, two case endings are applied for indifferent action.

नमः स्वस्तिस्वधास्वाहालंवषड्योग ईरिता । चतुर्थो चैव तादर्थ्ये तुमर्थाद्भाववाचिनः ॥ १,२०५.

The terms namaḥ, svasti, svadhā, svāhā, alam, vaṣaṭ are expressed; the fourth case is used for their purpose, and for words indicating the infinitive or state.

तृतीया सहयोगे स्यात्कुत्सितेङ्गे विशेषणे । काले भावे सप्तमी स्यादेतैर्योगेऽपिषष्ठ्यति ॥ १,२०५.

The third case is used for accompaniment, for contempt, and for specification; the seventh case is used for time and state, and when joined with etair, the sixth case is also applied.

स्वामीश्वराधिपतिभिः साक्षिदायादप्रसूतैः । निर्धारणे द्वे विभक्तो षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगके ॥ १,२०५.

With master, lord, ruler, witness, heir, and offspring, two case endings are used for determination; the sixth case is applied for the purpose of cause.

स्मृत्यर्थकर्मणि तथा करोतेः प्रतियत्नके । हिंसार्थानां प्रयोगे च कृति कर्मणि कर्तरि ॥ १,२०५.

For action relating to memory, for the verb 'to do' in the sense of effort; for the purpose of violence, in application, the action and agent are indicated.

न कर्तृकर्मणोः षष्ठी निष्ठयोः प्रातिपदिके । द्विविधं प्रातिपदिकं नाम धातुस्तथैव च ॥ १,२०५.

The sixth case is not used for agent and object, nor for participles in the base form; the base form is of two kinds, namely noun and verb.

भूवान्दिभ्यस्तिङो लः स्याल्लकारा दश वै स्मृताः । तिप्तसूझि प्रथमो मध्यः सिप्थस्थोत्तमपूरुषः ॥ १,२०५.

From bhū and others, tiṅ and laḥ arise; ten verb forms are remembered: tip, tas, su, jhi are the first person, sip, thas, tha are the middle, and uttama, pūruṣa are the last.

मिब्वस्मस्तु परस्मै हि पदानां चात्मनेपदम् । ताताञ्झ प्रथमो मध्य स्थासाथान्ध्वमथोत्तमः ॥ १,२०५.

Mib, vas, mas are for the parasmaipada, and padānām is for the ātmanepada; tā, tām, jha are the first, madhya, sthā, sā, thā, ndhvam are the middle, and uttama is the last.

आदेशा इड्बहिमहि धातुतोथ णिजादिवत् । नाम्नि प्रयुज्यमानेऽपि प्रथमः पुरुषो भवेत् ॥ १,२०५.

Substitutes are iḍ, bah, mahi, and the verb root is like ṇij and others; even when applied to nouns, the first person is used.

मध्यमो युष्मदि प्रोक्त उत्तमः पुरुषोऽस्मदि । भूवाद्या धातवः प्रोक्ताः सनाद्यन्तास्तथा ततः ॥ १,२०५.

The middle person is stated for yuṣmad, the highest person for asmad; the verb roots beginning with bhū are declared, and those with san and others at the end likewise.

लडीरितो वर्तमाने स्मेनातीते च धातुतः । भूतेऽनद्यतने लङ्वा लोडाद्याशिषि धातुतः ॥ १,२०५.

Laḍ is used for the present, smen for the past, from the verb root; laṅ is for the past not immediately preceding, loṭ and others are for the desiderative from the verb root.

विध्यादावेवानुमतो लोड्वाच्यो मन्त्रणे भवेत् । निमन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्रे प्रार्थनेषु तथाशिषि ॥ १,२०५.

For injunction and permission, loṭ is used; it is applied for advice, for invitation, for command, for request, and for the desiderative.

लिङतीते परोक्षे स्याल्लिड्भूते ळड्भविष्यति । स्यादनद्यतने तद्वद्भविष्यति तु धातुतः ॥ १,२०५.

When the optative mood is used beyond the present, it is parokṣa; in the past, liṭ is employed; in the future, ḻaṭ is used. Likewise, in the non-present, the same applies, but it is derived from the root.

दातोरॢङ्क्रियातिपत्तौ लिङर्थे लेट्प्रकीर्तितः । कृतस्त्रिष्वपि वर्तन्ते भावे कर्मणि कर्तरि ॥ १,२०५.

When the action of the donor is surpassed, leṭ is mentioned in the sense of the optative mood. The perfect occurs in all three—state, object, and agent.