Listen, as the ancient sage Dhanvantari expounds upon the origins and nature of abdominal diseases, pallor, and swelling. He describes how, when the abdomen is filled with water—soft to the touch, trembling, and shivering with agitation—a stable and unctuous condition called Bakodara arises. This Bakodara blocks the bodily channels, impeding the proper flow within. If the healthy elements of the body are neglected and disturbed, both digested and undigested fluids begin to liquefy, affecting even the joints and openings of these channels. When sweat is obstructed and internal fluids thicken, these very fluids accumulate in the abdomen, leading to abdominal disease. The afflicted abdomen becomes heavy, stable, rounded, and injured—silent, yet weak and severe. When touched at the channel, it throbs. One sign of all types of abdominal disease—whether caused by wind, bile, phlegm, spleen, a combination, or watery elements—is the disappearance of veins in the abdomen. Some forms of abdominal disease originate from birth, due to parental influences, and manifest as water retention and obstruction; such congenital cases are exceedingly difficult to treat. Dhanvantari then reveals the origin of pallor and swelling. When the humors dominated by bile are provoked by the previously described causes, and if not dispersed by the strong wind but remain in place, they reach the ten vessels and spread throughout the entire body. Corrupting the skin, blood, phlegm, and flesh, and residing in the very essence, the disease produces various colors in the skin and flesh. The disease itself appears yellow, like turmeric, and brings excessive yellowness and heaviness to these parts. The tissues lose their firmness; the qualities of the body diminish due to undigested matter, leaving little blood, fat, or bone, and weakening the senses. The limbs seem to decay, the heart melts, the mouth becomes dry and parched, and stiffness is accompanied by drooling. The patient experiences little thirst, dislikes cold, lacks desire, suffers impaired digestion, weakness, fever, shortness of breath, ear pain, and dizziness. This disease is fivefold, caused by separate humors or all together, and sometimes by eating clay. Its early signs include palpitations of the heart and dryness of the skin. There is loss of appetite, yellow urine, absence of sweat, scanty urination; when fat is affected by wind, the body becomes very dry, rough, and moist. The eyes, veins, nails, urine, and eyes turn black; swelling appears, aversion to smells and tastes arises, stools become dry, and fainting occurs at the sides. When bile predominates, fever manifests as yellowish-green in the head and other parts; thirst, dryness, fainting, foul smell, desire for cold, bitterness, and a crooked taste ensue. Diarrhea, sourness, burning sensation, and moistness of the heart from phlegm follow, along with drowsiness, a salty and crooked taste, horripilation, and loss of voice. Cough and vomiting may occur, and in some cases, symptoms disappear entirely, yet remain extremely difficult to endure. When bile and wind are greatly aggravated, the phlegm is either bitter or sweet. After corrupting the fats and similar tissues, dryness sets in, and bloodletting is indicated. The channels become depleted, and the symptoms persist. In anemia and consumption, the navel, feet, mouth, and urinary tract are affected; stools are passed like worms, broken, and mixed with mucus. If a person afflicted with bile consumes substances that increase bile, jaundice arises. The bile enters the intestines, burning and drawing out blood and flesh. Urine and eyes become yellow, the mouth and stool turn red, and the person experiences burning, abnormal digestion, thirst, a frog-like appearance, and weakened senses. Swelling associated with bile occurs in one suffering from anemia; neglect leads to further swellings and conditions such as dropsy and severe jaundice, which are difficult to treat. When anemia is accompanied by greenish or dark bile, and wind and bile are involved, dizziness, thirst, sexual excitement in women, and mild fever appear. If drowsiness or loss of digestive fire occurs, this is called halīmaka, and excessive laziness is its early complication. Swelling is described as the main disorder. When bile, blood, phlegm, and wind are corrupted, they carry these corrupted substances into the external veins. There, they obstruct the flow and cause swelling to settle in the skin and flesh. This compact, raised swelling is sometimes called accumulation. Such swellings arise from all causes—with various forms and natures—from all the different humors, as well as from injury or poison. When this swelling spreads throughout the body, it manifests as kāma-jaundice, with broad, raised, and knotted features, recognized in three types. The general cause of swelling is disturbance of the humors; disease arises quickly in those weakened by actions such as fasting. Excessive consumption of heavy or extremely cold foods, salty, alkaline, pungent, sour vegetables, water, or irregular sleep and wakefulness, suppression of natural urges, eating tough meat, indigestion, fatigue, sexual activity, travel, or agitation by vehicles—all these contribute to the disorder. Consequently, shortness of breath, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, abdominal diseases, fever, bloating, laziness, vomiting, hiccup, anemia, and spreading skin diseases arise. When swelling occurs above, below, or in the middle of the bladder, and is situated in the center, it is called sarvāṅgaga if it affects the whole body, sarvagata if it is widespread, and pratyapratyag if it is localized. Early symptoms include sneezing, heaviness in the head and limbs, and swelling caused by wind that is mobile, dry, with rough hair, reddish or dark in color. Swelling of the bladder, joints, and fat tissue, numbness, upward movement of wind, exhaustion, and rapid aggravation arise, causing distress to the afflicted body. If the swelling is oily, it subsides with massage, being small at night and large during the day; when the skin is smeared with mustard oil, it tingles. When caused by bile, the swelling appears yellowish-red, produces dryness, does not subside quickly or at all, and burns the body from within. Thirst, burning, fever, sweating, dizziness, moistness, faintness, desire, diarrhea, a smell, tenderness to touch, and softness accompany this condition. Thus, Dhanvantari reveals the intricate workings of the body, the humors, and the origins and manifestations of abdominal diseases, pallor, and swelling, guiding the attentive listener to recognize their signs and causes.