In the ancient wisdom of the sages, it is taught that death can occur in any watery place, and sorrow for such loss is futile. The abdomen, intricate as a window woven with veins, produces gurgling sounds as disease takes hold. When the navel is obstructed, pressure builds and destruction follows; the wind within brings pain to the heart, waist, navel, anus, and groin. As the wind escapes with noise, it carries only a little urine, and the person feels no excessive desire—indeed, the mouth loses all sense of taste. In abdominal ailments caused by wind, swelling appears in the hands, feet, face, and belly; pain arises in the groin, sides, abdomen, waist, back, and joints. Dry cough, body ache, heaviness below, and accumulation of impurities afflict the sufferer. The skin turns dark or reddish, and the mouth remains tasteless. When the abdomen is split with pain, the veins grow blue-black and spread outward; if bloated, the belly emits strange sounds. The wind moves restlessly, causing pain and noise in all directions. If bile is the cause, fever, fainting, burning, and bitterness in the mouth ensue. Dizziness, diarrhea, and yellowing of the skin and other parts follow; the veins become yellow or coppery, sweating increases, heat intensifies, and a burning sensation overwhelms the person. The skin appears smoky, soft to the touch, and decay comes swiftly. When phlegm dominates, heaviness, sweating, and swelling afflict the abdomen. Sleepiness, discomfort, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, cough, and paleness of skin accompany the disease; the belly becomes cloudy, oily, and covered with white and black veins. If the affliction grows excessive, the abdomen hardens, turns cold, heavy, and firm, provoking all three doṣas—wind, bile, and phlegm—and is tainted by their impurities. All these impurities, corrupted and mixed with blood, accumulate in the abdomen, transforming and causing wasting, fainting, and dizziness. Thus arise the threefold abdominal diseases, which mature quickly and are extremely severe, worsening especially in cold and windy conditions. Such diseases are born from overeating, agitation, improper foods and drinks, unsuitable beverages, and the strain of vomiting or other illnesses. The spleen, which sits on the left side, becomes enlarged when increased by blood or other bodily fluids, causing pain. It hardens like stone, grows excessively firm, and rises like the back of a tortoise, gradually spreading throughout the abdomen. The afflicted suffer from shortness of breath, cough, thirst, bad taste in the mouth, bloating, fever, pallor, fainting, vomiting, burning sensation, and confusion. The spleen may appear reddish or variegated, tinged with blue and yellow, and is accompanied by upward movement of wind, nausea, fainting, intense thirst, and persistent fever. Heaviness, loss of appetite, hardness, obstruction, and dizziness may even shift the spleen from left to right. When the liver is affected and feces are retained in the rectum, distressing symptoms arise, with difficult names or other painful upward movements. If aggravated, the downward wind (apāna) binds stool, bile, and phlegm, causing fever and pain. Cough, breathlessness, chest pain, headache, pain in the navel and sides, constipation, loss of appetite, and vomiting all result from the abdominal wind. The abdomen becomes covered with firm blue and red veins, and above the navel, a shape resembling a cow’s tail may appear. When the abdomen is pierced by bone fragments or other foreign bodies, the liver and organs decay, and fluid flows from these openings. If there is rawness or burning in the rectum, the fecal matter becomes scanty, foul-smelling, slimy, yellow, and bloody. The remaining matter fills the abdomen, causing severe distress, increasing below the navel and quickly taking on a watery nature. When the doṣas are greatly increased and pervade the body, breathlessness, thirst, and dizziness ensue; this is called 'perforated abdomen,' or 'leakage' by others. Those who suddenly indulge in unwholesome foods after consuming oily substances, who drink excessive water, have weak digestion, or are emaciated and thin, suffer when wind is obstructed from its path and phlegm thickens with water. That water increases, and from its essence, a drop forms and accumulates. This disturbance brings abdominal swelling, thirst, mucus flow, pain, cough, breathlessness, loss of appetite, and veins of various colors spreading. When the abdomen is filled with water, soft to the touch, trembling and shivering like agitation, a stable and unctuous condition called 'Bakodara' arises, blocking the channels. When all healthy elements are neglected and disturbed, digested and undigested fluids liquefy even the joints and openings of the channels. When sweat is obstructed and internal fluids thicken, that fluid fills the abdomen and causes disease. The heavy abdomen is stable, rounded, injured, silent, weak, severe, and throbs when touched at the channel. The disappearance of veins in the abdomen signals all types of abdominal diseases: those caused by wind, bile, phlegm, spleen, combined, and water. When water is present from birth due to parental influence, with symptoms of obstruction, all such congenital abdominal diseases are considered extremely difficult. Then, the divine Dhanvantari spoke: “Hear now the origin of pallor and swelling, O attentive one. When the humors dominated by bile are provoked by the causes previously described, if not driven out by strong wind and remaining in place, they reach the ten vessels and spread throughout the body. Corrupting skin, blood, phlegm, and flesh, and residing in their essence, they produce various colors in the skin and flesh. The disease itself is yellow like turmeric, and when excessive yellowness appears in those parts, this severe affliction brings heaviness to the body.