अविद्धकर्णाः क्रूराश्च निर्भया रणदुर्जयाः 1.10.
Unpierced-eared, cruel, fearless, and unconquerable in battle.
म्लेच्छात्कुविन्दकन्यायां जोला जातिर्बभूव ह।। । जोलात्कुविन्दकन्यायां शराङ्कः परिकीर्तितः
From a Mleccha, in the daughter of Kuvinda, the Jola caste was born; from Jola, in the daughter of Kuvinda, Śarāṅka is proclaimed.
वर्णसङ्करदोषेण बह्व्यश्चाश्रुतजातय
Due to the fault of varṇa-mixture, many castes not heard of before [arose].
वैद्योऽश्विनीकुमारेण जातो विप्रस्य योषिति
A physician was born from the Aśvinī-kumāra in a Brāhmaṇa woman.
ते च ग्राम्यगुणज्ञाश्च मन्त्रौषधिपरायणाः
They are knowledgeable in village qualities and devoted to mantras and medicines.
शौनक उवाच अहो केनाविवेकेन वीर्य्याधानं चकार ह
Śaunaka said: Alas, by what lack of discernment was the depositing of seed done?
सौतिरुवाच ददर्श कामुकः शान्तः पुष्पोद्याने च निर्जने
Sauti said: The passionate one beheld her, calm, in a secluded flower garden.
तया निवारितो यत्नाद्बलेन बलवान्सुरः
Though she resisted with all her strength, the powerful god overpowered her.
द्रुतं तत्याज गर्भं सा पुष्पोद्याने मनोहरे
She quickly abandoned the child in that charming flower garden.
सपुत्रा स्वामिनो गेहं जगाम व्रीडिता सदा
Ashamed, she always returned to her master's house with her son.
विप्रो रोषेण तत्याज तं च पुत्रं स्वकामिनीम् 1.10.
Out of anger, the brahmin abandoned both his son and his beloved.
पुत्रं चिकित्साशास्त्रं च पाठयामास यत्नतः
He diligently taught his son the science of medicine.
विप्रश्च वेतनाज्योतिर्गणनाच्च निरन्तरम्
And the brahmin, always engaged in calculating fees and astrology.
लोभी विप्रश्च शूद्राणामग्रे दानं गृहीतवान्
The greedy brahmin accepted gifts in the presence of shudras.
कश्चित्पुमान्ब्रह्मयज्ञे यज्ञकुण्डात्समुत्थितः
A certain man arose from the sacrificial fire-pit during a Brahma-yajña.
पुराणं पाठयामास तं च ब्रह्मा कृपानिधिः
That one, a repository of compassion, Brahma himself, taught him the Purāṇa.
वैश्यायां सूतवीर्य्येण पुमानेको बभूव ह
By the power of a sūta, a single man was born from a vaiśya woman.
एवं ते कथितः किंचित्पृथिव्यां जातिनिर्णय
Thus, I have told you a little about the determination of birth on earth.
सबन्धो येषु येषां यः सर्वजातिषु सर्वतः
Whoever is related to whom, in all castes and everywhere—
पिता तातस्तु जनको जन्मदाता प्रकीर्तितः
The father, also called 'tāta', is known as the begetter, the giver of birth.
पितामहः पितृपिता तत्पिता प्रपितापहः 1.10.
The paternal grandfather is the father’s father; his father is called the great-grandfather.
मातामहः पिता मातुः प्रमातामह एव च
The maternal grandfather is the mother’s father, and the great-grandfather on the mother’s side as well.
पितामही पितुर्माता तच्छ्वश्रूः प्रपितामही
The paternal grandmother is the father’s mother, and her mother-in-law is the great-grandmother.
मातामही मातृमाता मातृतुल्या च पूजिता
The maternal grandmother is the mother’s mother, and one honored as equal to the mother.
वृद्धमातामही ज्ञेया पत्पितुः कामिनी तथा
The aged maternal grandmother and likewise the wife of the father’s father are to be understood as such.
पितृष्वसा पितुर्मातृष्वसा मातुस्स्वसा स्मृता
The father’s sister, the mother’s sister, and the mother’s own sister are remembered as such.
धनभाग्वीर्य्यजश्चैव पुंसि जन्ये च वर्त्तते
The one who possesses wealth, the one born of virility, and so too in the case of a man, these exist in the lineage.
पुत्रपत्नी वधू ज्ञेया जामाता दुहितुः पतिः
The son’s wife is to be known as the daughter-in-law; the husband of the daughter is the son-in-law.
देवरः स्वामिनो भ्राता ननांदा स्वामिनः स्वसा
The younger brother-in-law is the husband’s brother; the nananda is the husband’s sister.
भार्य्या जाया प्रिया कान्ता स्त्री व पत्नी प्रकीर्तिता
Wife, spouse, beloved, dear one, and woman are all terms used for a wife.