कुहेति कोकिलेनोक्तो यः स कालः समाप्यते
That period called 'Kuhu' by the cuckoo is completed.
सिनीवालीप्रमाणस्तु क्षीणशेषो निशाकरः
The measure of Sinivali is the remaining portion when the moon is waning.
अनुमत्याश्चराकायाः सिनीवाल्याः कुहूंविना
From Anumati, Chara, Sinivali, except for Kuhu.
चन्द्रसूर्यव्यतीपाते संगते पूर्णिमान्तरे
When the sun and moon are in conjunction, between full moons.
कालः कहूसिनीवाल्योः सामुद्रस्य तु मध्यतः
The period of Kuhu and Sinivali is in the middle of the ocean.
एवं स शुक्लपक्षे वै रजन्यां पर्वसंधिषु
Thus, in the bright fortnight, at the junctions of the lunar phases during the night.
यस्मादा दाप्यायते सोमः पञ्चदश्यां तु पूर्णिमा
Because the moon increases until the fifteenth day, which is the full moon.
तस्मात्कलाः पञ्चदश सोमेनास्य तु षोडशी
Therefore, fifteen divisions belong to the moon, and the sixteenth to him.
इत्येते पितरो देवाः सोमपाः सोमवर्द्धनाः
Thus, these are the divine ancestors, drinkers of Soma, increasers of Soma.
अतः पितॄन्प्रवक्ष्यामि मासश्राद्धभुजस्तु ये
Now I shall declare the ancestors who partake of the monthly offerings.
न मृतानां गतिः शक्या ज्ञातुं न पुनरागतिः
The path of the dead cannot be known, nor is their return possible.
अनुदेवपितॄनेते पितरो लौकिकाः स्मृताः
Those ancestors who are not divine are considered worldly ancestors.
देवास्ते पितरः सर्वे देवास्तान्वादयन्त्युत
All those gods are indeed ancestors; those gods are praised by them.
पिता पितामहश्चापि तथा यः प्रपितामहः
Father, grandfather, and likewise great-grandfather—
ये यज्वानो हविर्यज्ञे ते वै बर्हिषदः स्मृताः
Those who perform sacrificial rites with offerings are known as Barhishads.
तेषां तु धर्मसाधर्म्यात्स्मृताः सायुज्यगा द्विजैः
Because of their similarity in righteousness, they are said by the twice-born to attain union.
अन्ते तु नावसीदन्ति श्रद्धायुक्तास्तु कर्मसु
In the end, those who are devoted to their duties with faith do not fall.
श्राद्धेन विद्यया चैव प्रदानेन च सप्तधा
By śrāddha, by knowledge, and by giving in seven ways—
दैवैस्तैः पितृभिः सार्द्धं सूक्ष्मजैः सोमयाजनैः
With those divine ancestors, through subtle Soma-offerings together—
तेषां निवापे दत्ते तु तत्कुलीनैश्च बन्धुभिः
When offerings are given for them by their relatives belonging to their lineage—
एते मनुष्यपितरो मासश्राद्धभुजस्तु ये
These are the human ancestors who partake of the monthly śrāddha.
भ्रष्टाश्चाश्रमधर्मेभ्यः स्वधास्वाहाविवर्जिताः
Those who have fallen from the duties of their order, deprived of svadhā and svāhā—
स्वकर्माण्य नुशोचन्तो यातनास्थानमागताः
Lamenting their own deeds, they have reached the place of torment.
क्षुत्पिपासापरीताश्च विद्रवन्तस्ततस्ततः
Afflicted by hunger and thirst, they scatter here and there.
परान्नानि च लिप्संतः काल्यमानास्ततस्ततः
Desiring the food of others, they are tormented in various ways.
शाल्मले वैतरण्यां च कुंभीपाके तथैव च
On the Śālmalī tree, in the Vaitaraṇī, and likewise in Kumbhīpāka—
शिला संपेषणे चैव पात्यमानाः स्वकर्मभिः
And in the crushing of stones, they are cast down by their own deeds.
तेषां लोकान्तरस्थानां बान्धवैर्नाम गोत्रतः
For those dwelling in other worlds, by relatives according to family name—
यान्ति तास्तर्पयन्ते च प्रेतस्थानेष्वधिष्ठितान्
They go and offer oblations to those who dwell in the realm of the departed.
पश्चाद्ये स्थावरान्ते वै जाता नीचैः स्वकर्मभिः
Later, those who are born at the end of the immobile beings, having fallen low due to their own actions,