अन्योन्यं चन्द्रसूर्यौं तौ यदा तद्वर्श उच्यते
When the moon and sun are together, that is called a year.
द्व्यक्षर कुहुमात्रश्च पर्वकालास्त्रयः स्मृताः
Kuhu, Mātra, and Dvyakṣara are remembered as the three times of the sacred days.
दिवसार्द्धेन रात्र्या च सूर्यं प्राप्य तु चन्द्रमाः
With half the day and night, the moon attains the sun.
द्वौ कालौ संगमं चैव मध्याह्ने नियतं रविः
There are two periods and a conjunction, and at midday, the sun is fixed.
विमुच्यमानयोर्मध्ये तयोर्मण्डलयोस्तु वै
In the midst of their separation, between their orbits, indeed.
एतदृतुमुखं ज्ञेयममा वास्यास्य पर्वणः
This is to be understood as the beginning of the season, or the mouth of the lunar phase.
तस्माद्दिवा ह्यमावास्यां गृह्यते ऽसौ दिवाकरः
Therefore, during the day of the new moon, the sun is taken.
कलानामपि चैतासां वृद्धिहान्या जलात्मनः
Even among these divisions, there is increase and decrease of their watery essence.
दर्शयेतामथात्मानं सूर्याचन्द्रमसावुभौ
Then both the sun and moon display themselves.
द्विलवोनमहोरात्रं भास्करं स्पृशते शशी
For two lavas, the moon touches the sun in the day and night.
कुहेति कोकिलेनोक्तो यः स कालः समाप्यते
That period called 'Kuhu' by the cuckoo is completed.
सिनीवालीप्रमाणस्तु क्षीणशेषो निशाकरः
The measure of Sinivali is the remaining portion when the moon is waning.
अनुमत्याश्चराकायाः सिनीवाल्याः कुहूंविना
From Anumati, Chara, Sinivali, except for Kuhu.
चन्द्रसूर्यव्यतीपाते संगते पूर्णिमान्तरे
When the sun and moon are in conjunction, between full moons.
कालः कहूसिनीवाल्योः सामुद्रस्य तु मध्यतः
The period of Kuhu and Sinivali is in the middle of the ocean.
एवं स शुक्लपक्षे वै रजन्यां पर्वसंधिषु
Thus, in the bright fortnight, at the junctions of the lunar phases during the night.
यस्मादा दाप्यायते सोमः पञ्चदश्यां तु पूर्णिमा
Because the moon increases until the fifteenth day, which is the full moon.
तस्मात्कलाः पञ्चदश सोमेनास्य तु षोडशी
Therefore, fifteen divisions belong to the moon, and the sixteenth to him.
इत्येते पितरो देवाः सोमपाः सोमवर्द्धनाः
Thus, these are the divine ancestors, drinkers of Soma, increasers of Soma.
अतः पितॄन्प्रवक्ष्यामि मासश्राद्धभुजस्तु ये
Now I shall declare the ancestors who partake of the monthly offerings.
न मृतानां गतिः शक्या ज्ञातुं न पुनरागतिः
The path of the dead cannot be known, nor is their return possible.
अनुदेवपितॄनेते पितरो लौकिकाः स्मृताः
Those ancestors who are not divine are considered worldly ancestors.
देवास्ते पितरः सर्वे देवास्तान्वादयन्त्युत
All those gods are indeed ancestors; those gods are praised by them.
पिता पितामहश्चापि तथा यः प्रपितामहः
Father, grandfather, and likewise great-grandfather—
ये यज्वानो हविर्यज्ञे ते वै बर्हिषदः स्मृताः
Those who perform sacrificial rites with offerings are known as Barhishads.
तेषां तु धर्मसाधर्म्यात्स्मृताः सायुज्यगा द्विजैः
Because of their similarity in righteousness, they are said by the twice-born to attain union.
अन्ते तु नावसीदन्ति श्रद्धायुक्तास्तु कर्मसु
In the end, those who are devoted to their duties with faith do not fall.
श्राद्धेन विद्यया चैव प्रदानेन च सप्तधा
By śrāddha, by knowledge, and by giving in seven ways—
दैवैस्तैः पितृभिः सार्द्धं सूक्ष्मजैः सोमयाजनैः
With those divine ancestors, through subtle Soma-offerings together—
तेषां निवापे दत्ते तु तत्कुलीनैश्च बन्धुभिः
When offerings are given for them by their relatives belonging to their lineage—