रुद्रोपेन्द्रेन्द्रचन्द्राणां विप्रेन्द्रास्त्रिदिवौकसाम्
Of Rudra, Upendra, Indra, the Moon, the foremost of Brahmins, and the gods of heaven—
सर्वात्मा सर्वलोकेशो महादेवः प्रजापतिः
The Supreme Self, the lord of all worlds, the great god, the progenitor of beings—
ततः संजायते सर्वं तत्र चैव प्रलीयते
From him all things arise, and into him indeed all things dissolve.
जगज्ज्ञेयो ग्रहो विप्रा दीप्तिमान्सुप्रभो रविः
Know, O Brahmins, that the planet which is the Sun, bright and radiant, is the knower of the world.
क्षणा मुहूर्त्ता दिवसा निशाः पक्षाश्च कृत्स्नशः
Moments, muhūrtas, days, nights, and fortnights—all these entirely—
तदादित्यादृते ह्येषा कालंसख्या न विद्यते
Without that Sun, indeed, there would be no reckoning of time.
ऋतूनामविभागाच्च पुष्पमूलफलं कुतः
Without the distinction of seasons, how could there be flowers, roots, or fruits?
अभावो व्यवहाराणां जन्तूनां दिवि चैह च
There would be absence of activities for creatures, both in heaven and here on earth.
स एष कालश्चाग्निश्च द्वादशात्मा प्रजापतिः
He is time, he is fire, he is Prajāpati with twelve forms.
स एष तेचसां राशिस्तमो घ्रन्सार्वलौकिकम्
He is the mass of radiance, the destroyer of darkness, universal to all worlds.
पार्श्वमूर्ध्वमधश्चैव तापयत्येष सर्वशः
He heats everything on the sides, above, and below, completely.
पार्श्वमूर्ध्वमधश्चैव तमो नाशयते समम्
He destroys darkness equally on the sides, above, and below.
सूर्यो गोभिर्जगत्सर्वमादीपयति सर्वतः
The sun, with its rays, illumines the entire world on all sides.
तेषां श्रेष्ठाः पुनः सप्त रश्मयो ग्रहयो नयः
Among these, again, the seven rays are the foremost, and they are the guides of the planets.
विश्वश्रवाः पुनश्चान्यः संपद्वसुरतः परः
Another is Viśvaśravā, who is supreme among the prosperous and the virtuous.
सुषुम्णः सूर्यरश्मिस्तु क्षीण शशिनमेधयेत्
Suṣumṇa is a solar ray that, when the moon wanes, nourishes it.
हरि केशः पुरस्ताद्य ऋक्षयोनिः स कीत्यते
Hari-keśa is at the front, called the progenitor of the stars.
विश्वश्रवास्तु यः पश्चच्छुक्रयोनिः स्मृतो बुधैः
Viśvaśravā, who is at the back, is known by the wise as the origin of Venus.
षष्ठस्त्वर्व्वावसू रश्मिर्योनिस्तु स बृहस्पतेः
The sixth ray, Arvāvasu, is the origin of Jupiter.
एवं सूर्यप्रभावेण ग्रहनक्षत्रतारकाः
Thus, by the power of the sun, the planets, constellations, and stars exist.
नक्षीयन्ते यतस्तानि तस्मान्नक्षत्रसंज्ञिताः
Because they are marked by these, they are therefore called 'nakṣatras' (stars/constellations).
तेषां क्षेत्राण्यथादत्ते सूर्यो नक्षत्रकारकाः
The sun assigns their regions as the maker of the nakṣatras.
तारणात्तारका ह्येताः शुक्लत्वाच्चैव तारकाः
Because they cross (the sky), they are called 'tārakās' (stars); and because of their whiteness, they are also called 'tārakās.'
आदानान्नित्यमादित्यस्तेजसा तपसामपि
By constantly taking in the radiance of the sun, even the ascetics' austerities are sustained.
स्वनात्तेजसो ऽपां च तेनासौ सविता मतः
Because he takes in the radiance of the waters, he is called Savitā (the sun).
शुक्लत्वे चामृतत्वे च शीतत्वे च विभाव्यते
He is perceived in whiteness, immortality, and coolness.
जलतेचौमये शुक्ले वृत्तकुंभनिभे शुभे
He shines in the white, silver-like, auspicious, round vessel.
घनतेजोमयं शुक्लं मण्डलं भास्करस्य तु
The sun's disc is dense with radiant energy and white in color.
मन्वन्तरेषु सर्वेषु ऋक्षसूर्यग्रहाश्रयाः
In all the Manvantaras, the stars, sun, and planets depend on each other.
सौरं सूर्यो विशेत्स्थानं सौम्यं सोमस्तथैव च
The sun enters the solar region, and the moon likewise enters the lunar region.