Beyond the familiar lands lies the great mountain Sumahan, whose slopes are rich with streams and whose presence brings forth rain during the monsoon, sustaining the beings who dwell below. High in the heavens shines the constellation Revatī, its place ordained by the grandsire himself. Because of these celestial arrangements, the people of earlier times became dark in complexion. Further on rises Ambikeya, the fortress mountain, a majestic peak. Then comes Kesarī, adorned with blooming lotuses, from which the wind—the lord of all creatures—takes its origin. Among the streams flowing from these heights, the second is known as Sukumara, and its blessed rainfall is called Kusumottara. The continent’s measure, its length and breadth, are vast. There stands Shaka, a land of great elevation, whose inhabitants are held in high esteem. Numerous rivers of merit flow through Shaka, including the seven sacred forms of the Ganga: Ikshu, Venuka, Gabhasti, and the seventh, Saptami. These rivers are said to be counted in thousands, and from them Indra draws the rains. Though their number is immense, it is possible to enumerate those most holy rivers. This continent, broad as the mighty shalmali tree, is arranged in the shape of a wheel. It gleams with minerals, jewels, and coral, and is surrounded by trees bearing flowers and fruits. Abundant wealth and grain fill the land. The expanse of Shaka-dvipa is equal on all sides, divided into seven regions, each populated by people of every caste and stage of life. Because they steadfastly uphold dharma, they enjoy supreme happiness, facing no adversity except what naturally comes with the passage of time. Guided by knowledge of dharma, each person fulfills their duty and protects one another. Such are the people of Shaka-dvipa. Encircling Shaka-dvipa is the continent of Pushkara, beyond which lies the ocean of milk. On Pushkara stands a single splendid mountain, formed of immense stone. In the eastern half rises Citrashanu, a great mountain that towers thirty-four thousand yojanas above the earth, resting near the shore like the newly risen moon. This mountain, perfectly circular, spreads out to match the expanse of Pushkara-dvipa, forming a grand circle divided into two regions. Within this circle is Mount Mānasā, and inside it lies the Dhātakī region. The people here are free from disease and abundant in happiness, having attained the perfection of Mānasī. Among them, there is no distinction of higher or lower; all are equal in form and character. There is no punishment or penalty, no greed or pursuit of gain. Castes and stages of life are absent, as are agriculture, herding, and trade. In both regions of Pushkara, none of these exist. Instead, plants, waters, and mountain springs grow and flow naturally. In every season, happiness prevails, and the onset of old age never touches them.