In the southern regions of Bharata, many peoples dwell, each with their own distinct customs and lands. Among them are the Setukas, Mushikas, Kshapanas, and Vanavasikas. The Abhiras live alongside the Aishikas, Atavyas, and Saravas. There are also the Paurikas, Maulikas, Shmakas, and Bhogavardhinas, each settled in their own territories. Beyond these, other southern lands are filled with the Pauleyas, Kiratas, Rupakas, and the Tapakas. The Nasikas and others reside between the banks of the Narmada river. The Kachhipas, Saurashtras, Anartas, and the Arbuda people flourish in their regions, as do the Maladas, Karuthas, Mekalas, and Kaitkalas. The Toshalas, Kosalas, the people of Tripura, and the Vaidishas are also found here, along with the Anupas, Tundikeras, Vitihotras, and the people of Avanti. There are also those who dwell in the mountain regions, such as Apapra, Rana, Urna, Darva, and Sahuhuka. The sages have declared that in the land of Bharata, four yugas—ages—unfold, each with its own nature and qualities. Now, their nature will be described in detail. The listeners, eager for knowledge, ask to hear more about Bharata as it truly is. The Plaksha Khanda in Kimpurusha is vast, comparable to the celestial garden Nandana. There, the men are golden in color, and the women possess a beauty akin to heavenly nymphs. Humans born in this region shine with the radiance of refined gold, their bodies luminous and splendid. All the Kimpurushas delight in drinking the most excellent juice. In that place, humans are also born with the luster of great silver. In Harivarsha, all men drink pure sugarcane juice, and their hearts are ever joyful. The central region, which has been mentioned, is called Ilavrita. In Ilavrita, the moon, sun, and stars do not shine with their usual light. Humans born there carry the fragrance of lotus petals, are wise, enjoy pleasures, and reap the fruits of their good deeds. These excellent men live for thirteen thousand years. Ilavrita extends from Mount Meru in every direction, measuring nine thousand units in breadth. It is four-sided on all sides and shaped like a dish. Gandhamadana mountain stretches thirty-four thousand units in extent, rising to forty thousand units from the surface of the earth. To the east lies the Malyavan mountain, said to be equal in measure. Among these mountains, the great Meru stands established with its own unique dimensions, its breadth matching the others, and its length said to be one niyuta. The lengths decrease, and these regions are remembered as being square in shape. The Jambu river, rich with water, appears broken and dark like collyrium. There stands a great, eternal Jambu tree named Sudarshana. By the name of this tree, the land is renowned as Jambudvipa. The king of trees, Sudarshana, stretches its height to the sky in all directions, dominating the landscape with its grandeur.