In the sacred geography of creation, there exists the illustrious island of Kushadvipa, where the people, having fulfilled their prescribed duties and exhausted their individual rights, turn their hearts in worship to Janardana, revering Him in the form of Brahma. Through the performance of sacrifices as tradition dictates, they dispel even the most potent results of their deeds, thereby attaining the fruits of their actions. Among the prominent features of this land are the mountains: Vidruma, Hemashaila, Dyutiman, Pushtiman, Kusheshaya, Hari, and the seventh, Mandarachala—seven majestic ranges gracing the island. Flowing through Kushadvipa are seven sacred rivers: Dhutapapa, Shiva, Pavitra, Sammati, Vidyut, Ambha, and Mahī. These rivers, along with countless smaller streams, wash away every sin from those who bathe in their waters. The island itself is named after the revered Kushastamba and is entirely encircled by a vast ocean of clarified butter. Beyond this ocean lies Kraunchadvipa, twice the size of Kushadvipa. Here dwell the seven noble sons of Dyutiman: Kushaga, Mandaga, Ushna, Pivara, Andhakaraka, Muni, and Dundubhi. Each presides over a delightful region, attended by gods and gandharvas. Kraunchadvipa is adorned with seven grand mountain ranges: Krauncha, Vamana, Andhakaraka, Devavrata, Dhama, Pundarikavan, and Mahashaila, each surpassing the last in greatness. The lands and mountains here are blessed with abundance and prosperity, and the people, living in harmony with the gods, are free from distress. Society on Kraunchadvipa is composed of all four varnas—Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras—each upholding their duties and drinking from the pure rivers that flow across the land. The principal rivers are Gauri, Kumudvati, Sandhya, Ratri, Manojava, Khyati, and Pundarika, with hundreds of smaller streams nourishing the regions. Here, Lord Janardana is worshipped in various forms, beginning with Pushkara, each region observing its own sacred rites. During sacrifices, Rudra is also honored through meditation and yoga. Kraunchadvipa itself is surrounded by an ocean of curdled milk, equal in extent to the island. Encircling this ocean is the great island of Shaka, twice the size of Kraunchadvipa. Its lord is Bhavya, a noble and virtuous soul, who divided the island into seven regions among his sons: Jalada, Kumara, Sukumara, Maniraka, Kusamoda, Modaki, and Mahadruma. Each region is separated by a mountain: Udayagiri, Jaladhara, Raivataka, Shyama, Ambhogiri, Astikeya, Ramya, and Kesari—mountains of immense beauty and grandeur. At the heart of Shaka stands the wondrous Shaka tree, attended by Siddhas and Gandharvas. The mere touch of a breeze passing through its leaves brings supreme delight to all. The people here, pure and virtuous, are free from danger and disease, dwelling in harmony across all four classes. Seven sacred rivers—Sukumari, Kumari, Nalini, Renuka, Ikshu, Dhenuka, Gabhasti, and Saptami—flow through the land, joined by tens of thousands of smaller streams. The mountains are countless, and the inhabitants joyfully drink from their waters. In Shaka, the people are endowed with a fourth part of virtue, and the rivers, descending from heaven, purify all who partake of their waters. Righteousness never wanes here, nor do the people experience excessive joy or sorrow; the boundaries of the seven lands are respected without transgression. The Magas, Magadhas, Manasas, and Mandagas inhabit these lands—the Magas being mostly Brahmins, the Magadhas Kshatriyas, the Manasas Vaishyas, and the Mandagas Shudras. Lord Vishnu, in the form of the Sun as Hari, is worshipped here with great discipline and proper rites. Surrounding Shaka is the ocean of milk, equal in measure to the island. Encircling the ocean of milk is the great ring of Puṣkara, an island twice the size of Shaka in every direction. This became the domain of the mighty son of Savana. Within Puṣkara, two regions are named after Dhātaki, and another vast region is known as Dhātakīkhanda. At the very center of Puṣkara stands the renowned mountain Mānasottara, rising fifty thousand yojanas high and wide, forming a perfect circle like a dividing wall in the midst of the island. Thus, Mānasottara separates Puṣkara into two grand regions, each bearing its own identity, and the sacred geography of the world continues in its divine order.