Agni Purana

उपोद्घात उदाहारो ह्यथ मिथ्याभिसंशनम् । अभिशापो यशः कीर्त्तिः प्रश्नः पृच्छानुयोगकः ।। ३६०.

An introduction is a preface; an example is an illustration; then, a false accusation is a baseless charge; a curse, fame, and glory, as well as a question, are forms of inquiry.

आम्रेडितं द्विस्त्रिरुक्तं कुत्सानिन्दे च गर्हणे । स्यादाभाषणमालापः प्रलापोऽनर्थकं वचः ।। ३६०.

Repetition is saying something twice or thrice; reproach and censure are forms of blame; ambiguous speech is unclear talk, and babbling is meaningless words.

अनुलापो मुहुर्भाषा विलापः परिदेवनं । विप्रलापो विरोधोक्तिः संलापो भापणं मिथः ।। ३६०.

A rejoinder is a reply; repeated speech is frequent talking; lamentation is wailing or mourning; contradiction is opposing words, and conversation is mutual dialogue.

सुप्रलापः सुवचनमपलापस्तु निह्नवः । उषती वागकल्याणी सङ्गतं हृदयङ्गमं ।। ३६०.

Good speech is eloquence; excellent words are well-spoken; denial is repudiation; pleasant speech is auspicious words; harmonious speech is that which touches the heart.

अत्यर्थमधुरं सान्त्वमबद्धं स्यादनर्थकं । निष्ठुराश्लीलपरुषं ग्राम्यं वै सूनृतं प्रिये ।। ३६०.

Excessively sweet speech is flattery; incoherent speech is meaningless; harsh, obscene, or rough words are rustic, while truthful speech is dear to the good.

सत्यं तथ्यमृतं सम्यङ्नादनिस्वाननिस्वनाः । आरवारावसंरावविरावा अथ मर्म्मरः ।। ३६०.

Truth is reality, veracity, and correctness; sound and resonance are utterances; loud cries, shouts, and wails, as well as murmurs, are also included.

स्वनिते वस्त्रपर्णानां भूषणानान्तु शिञ्जितं । वीणाया निक्कणः क्काणः तिरश्चां वाशितं रुतं ।। ३६०.

The rustling of clothes and leaves is called 'sound'; the jingling of ornaments is 'tinkling'; the resonance of the vina is 'ringing' or 'twanging'; the cries of animals are called 'calls' or 'voices'.

कोलाहलः कलकलो गीतं गानमिमे समे । स्त्री प्रतिश्रुत् प्रतिध्वाने तन्त्रीकण्ठान्निसादकः ।। ३६०.

Clamor and tumult are uproar; song and singing are the same; the echo of a woman's voice, the resonance of strings and throats, and the notes that descend are also described.

काकली तु कले सूक्ष्मे ध्वनौ तु मधुरास्फुटे । कलो मन्द्रस्तु गम्भीरे तारोऽत्युच्चैस्त्रयस्त्रिषु ।। ३६०.

A 'kakali' is a subtle sound in melody; 'dhvani' is a sweet but indistinct tone; 'kala' is a deep, grave sound; 'tara' is a very high pitch—these are the three types.

समन्वितलयस्त्वेकतालो वीणा तु वल्लकी । विपञ्ची सा तु तन्त्रीभिः सप्तभिः परिवादिनी ।। ३६०.

When rhythm is combined, it is called 'ekatala'; the vina is also called 'vallaki'; the 'vipanchi' is that which is strung with seven strings and is called 'parivadini'.

ततं वीणादिकं वाद्यमानद्धं मुरजादिकं । वंश्यादिकन्तु शुषिरं कांस्यतालादिकं घनं ।। ३६०.

Stringed instruments like the vina are called 'tata'; percussion instruments like the drum are 'anaddha'; wind instruments like the flute are 'sushira'; and metallic instruments like cymbals are 'ghana'.

चतुर्व्विधमिदं वाद्यं वादित्राताद्यनामकं । मृदङ्गा मुरजा भेदास्त्वङ्क्यालिङ्ग्योऽर्द्धकास्त्रयः ।। ३६०.

These four kinds of instruments are named as 'vadya' or musical instruments; the varieties of drums are 'mridanga' and 'muraja'; the types are those played with hands, arms, or half-hands—three in number.

स्याद्यशःपटहो ढक्का भेर्य्यामानकदुन्दुभिः । आनकः भेदा झर्झरीडिण्डिमादयः ।। ३६०.

The 'yashah-pataha', 'dhakka', 'bherya', 'amanaka', and 'dundubhi' are types of drums; 'anaka' is another type, and varieties like 'jharjhara', 'dindima', and others are also included.

मर्द्दलः पणवस्तुल्यौ क्रियामानन्तु तालकः । लयः साम्यं ताण्डवन्तु नाट्यं लास्यञ्च नर्त्तनं ।। ३६०.

'Marddala' and 'panava' are similar; 'talaka' is an instrument played by hand; 'laya' is rhythm, 'samya' is harmony, 'tandava' is vigorous dance, and 'natya', 'lasya', and 'nartana' are forms of dance.

तौर्य्यत्रिकं नृत्यगीतवाद्यं नाट्यमिदं त्रयम् । राजा भट्टारको देवः साभिषेका च देव्यपि ।। ३६०.

'Tauryatrika' is the combination of dance, song, and instrumental music; this is called 'natya', the threefold art. The king, the lord, the deity, and the queen with consecration are also included.

श्रृङ्गरवीरकरुणाद्भुतहास्यभयानकाः । वीभत्सरौद्रे च रसाः श्रृङ्गारः शुचिरुज्ज्वलः ।। ३६०.

The rasas are: erotic, heroic, compassionate, marvelous, comic, terrifying, disgusting, and furious; among these, the erotic is pure and radiant.

उत्साहवर्द्धनो वीरः कारुण्यं करुणा घृणा । कृपा दया चानुकम्पाऽप्यनुक्रोशोऽप्यथो हसः ।। ३६०.

Heroism is that which increases enthusiasm; compassion is kindness, sympathy, mercy, pity, and also empathy, as well as benevolence and laughter.

हासो हास्यञ्च बीभत्सं विकृतं त्रिष्विदं द्वयं । विस्मयोऽद्भुतमाश्चर्य्यं चित्रमप्यथ भैरवं ।। ३६०.

Laughter and the comic are one; disgust is the grotesque, both are of three kinds; wonder is the marvelous, astonishing, and strange, and also the dreadful.

दारुणं भीषणं भीष्मं घोरं भीमं भयानकं । भयङ्करं प्रतिभयं रौद्रस्तुग्रममी त्रिषु ।। ३६०.

Cruel, frightful, formidable, terrible, fearsome, horrifying, causing fear, and dreadful—these are the forms of the furious rasa.

चतुर्द्दश दरत्रासौ भीतिर्भीः साध्वसम्भयं । विकारो मानसो भावोऽनुभावो भावबोधनः ।। ३६०.

There are fourteen forms of fear: terror, fright, dread, alarm, mental disturbance, emotional state, response, and recognition of feeling.

गर्व्वोऽभिमानोऽहङ्कारो मानश्चित्तसमुन्नतिः । अनादरः परिभवः परिभावस्तिरस्क्रिया ।। ३६०.

Pride, arrogance, egotism, self-respect, elevation of mind, disrespect, insult, humiliation, and rejection.

व्रीडा लज्जा त्रपा ह्राः स्यादभिध्यानं धने स्पृहा । कौतूहलं कौतुकञ्च कुतुकञ्च कुतूहलं ।। ३६०.

Modesty, shame, embarrassment, bashfulness, envy, desire for wealth, curiosity, wonder, and amazement.

स्त्रीणं विलासविव्वोकविभ्रमा ललितन्तथा । हेला लीलेत्यमी हावाः क्रियाः श्रृङ्गारभावजाः ।। ३६०.

In women, playfulness, coquetry, charm, and grace; teasing, playful gestures—these are actions arising from the erotic mood.

द्रवकेलिपरीहासाः क्रोड़ा लीला च कूर्द्दनं । स्यादाच्छुरितकं हासः सोत्प्रासः समनाक्‌स्मितं ।। ३६०.

Gentle play, jesting, playful acts, and banter; laughter with implication, and a slight smile.

अधोभुवनपातालं च्छिद्रं श्वभ्रं वपा शुषिः । गर्त्तावटौ भुवि श्वभ्रे तमिशन्तिमिरं तमः ।। ३६०.

The underworld, the nether regions, a chasm, a pit, a cavity, a hollow, a trench, an abyss on earth, and darkness, gloom, and obscurity.

सर्पः पृदाकुर्भुजगो दन्दशूकों विलेशयः । विषं क्ष्वेडश्च गरलं निरयो दुर्गतिः स्त्रियां ।। ३६०.

Serpent, snake, viper, venomous one, destroyer, poison, hissing, deadly toxin, hell, and misfortune for women.

पयः कीलालममृतमुदकं भुवनं वनं । भङ्गस्तरङ्गु ऊर्म्मिर्व्वा कल्लोलोल्लोलकौ च तौ ।। ३६०.

Milk, saliva, nectar, water, the world, forest, wave, surge, billow, and the two—ripple and swell.

पृषन्तिविन्दुपृषताः कूलं रोधश्च तीरकं । तोयोत्थितं तत् पुलिनं जम्बालं पङ्ककर्दमौ ।। ३६०.

Raindrop, water-drop, spray, bank, dam, and shore; that which rises from water is a sandbank, mud, and mire.

जलोच्छ्वासाः परीवाहाः कूपकास्तु विदारकाः । आतरस्तरपण्यं स्याद्‌द्रोणी काष्ठाम्बुवाहिनी ।। ३६०.

Water currents, overflow, wells, and fissures; a trough, a wooden water-carrier, and a water channel.