दर्श्यन्ते नायकास्तेषामनुक्तानाञ्च वीर्य्यतः । वृक्षः सर्व्वोऽथ पूर्व्वश्च प्रथमश्च द्वितीयकः ।। ३५१.
The principal examples of these, including those whose forms are not stated, are shown by their strength: vṛkṣaḥ (tree), sarva (all), pūrva (former), prathama (first), and dvitīyaka (second).
तृतीयः खण्डपा वह्निः सखापतिरहर्पतिः । पटुर्नीर्ग्रामणीन्द्रश्च खलबूर्म्मित्रभूः स्वभूः ।। ३५१.
The third is khaṇḍapā, vahni (fire), sakhā (friend), patir (lord), aharpati (lord of the day), paṭu (clever), nīr (water), grāmaṇī (village chief), indra, khalabūr, mitrabhū, and svabhū.
सुश्रीः सुधीः पिता भ्राता ना कर्त्ता क्रोष्टुनप्तृकौ । सुरा रा गौस्तथा द्यौर्ग्लौः स्वरान्ताः पुंसि नायकाः ।। ३५१.
Suśrī (of good fortune), sudhī (wise), pitā (father), bhrātā (brother), na (not), kartā (doer), kroṣṭu (jackal), naptṛ (grandson), surā (god), rā, gau (cow), dyau (sky), glauḥ, svarānta (ending in svara) are masculine examples.
सुवाक् त्वक् पृषत् सम्राट् जन्मभाक् च अवेदपि । आपो मरुद्भवन् दीव्यन् भवांश्च मघवान् पिवन् ।। ३५१.
Suvāk (eloquent), tvak (skin), pṛṣat (spotted), samrāṭ (emperor), janmabhāk (born), aved (ignorant), āpaḥ (waters), marut (wind), bhavan (becoming), dīvyān (divine), bhavān (lord), maghavān (generous), pivan (drinker).
भगवानघवानर्व्वान्वह्निमत् सर्व्ववित्सुपृत् । सुसोमा कुण्डी राजा च श्वा युवा मघवा तथा ।। ३५१.
Bhagavān (blessed), aghavān (sinful), arvān (near), vahnimat (possessed of fire), sarvavit (all-knowing), supṛt (well-nourished), susomā (having good soma), kuṇḍī (pot), rājā (king), śvā (dog), yuvā (youth), and maghavā (generous).
पूषा सुकर्म्मा यज्वा च सुवर्म्मा च सुधर्म्मणा । अर्य्यमा वृत्रहा पन्थाः सुककुदादिपञ्च च ।। ३५१.
Pūṣā (nourisher), sukarmā (of good deeds), yajvā (sacrificer), suvarmā (well-armed), sudharmāṇā (of good law), aryamā, vṛtrahā (slayer of Vṛtra), panthāḥ (path), and the five beginning with sukakuda.
प्रशान् सुतांश्च पञ्चाद्याः सुगीः सुराः सुपूरपि । चन्द्रमाः सुवचाः श्रेयान् विद्वांश्चोशनसा सह ।। ३५१.
Praśān (pacifier), sutā (son), and the first five, sugī (well-sung), surā (goddess), supūra (well-filled), candramāḥ (moon), suvacāḥ (well-spoken), śreyān (better), vidvān (wise), together with Uśanas.
पेचिवान् गौरवानड्वान् गोधुङ्मित्रद्रुहौ श्वलिट् । स्त्रियां जाया जरा बाला एड़का सहो वृद्धया ।। ३५१.
Pecivān (having wings), gauravān (dignified), aḍvān (traveler), godhuṅ (milker of cows), mitradruha (betrayer of friends), śvaliṭ (dog-like); in the feminine: jāyā (wife), jarā (old age), bālā (girl), er̤akā (goat), saho (powerful), vṛddhayā (old woman).
क्षात्रिया बहुराजा च बहुदा माऽथ बालिका । माया कौमुदगन्धा च सर्व्वा पूर्व्वा सहान्यया ।। ३५१.
Kṣātriyā (female warrior), bahurājā (having many kings), bahudā (giving much), mā (mother), bālikā (girl), māyā (illusion), kaumudagandhā (fragrant as moonlight), all these are feminine along with others.
द्वितीया च तृतीया च बुद्धिः स्त्रो श्रोर्न्नदी सुधीः । भवन्ती चैव दीव्यन्ती भाती भान्ती च यान्त्यपि ।। ३५१.
The second and third are buddhi (intellect), stro, śroṇī (hip), nadī (river), sudhī (wise woman), bhavantī (becoming), dīvyantī (shining), bhātī (bright), bhāntī (radiant), and yānti (going).
श्रृण्वती तुदती कर्त्री तुदन्ती कुर्वती मही । रुन्धती क्रीड़ती दान्ती पालयन्ती सुराण्यपि ।। ३५१.
Śṛṇvatī (listener), tudatī (striker), kartrī (female doer), tudantī (striking), kurvatī (doing), mahī (earth), rundhatī (obstructing), krīr̤atī (playing), dāntī (tamed), pālayantī (protecting), and surāṇī (goddesses).
गौरी पुत्रवती नीश्च वधूर्द्देवतया भुवा । तिस्रो द्वे कति वर्षाभूः स्वसा माता वरा च गौः ।। ३५१.
Gaurī (fair one), putravatī (having a son), nīś (night), vadhūḥ (bride), devatā (goddess), bhuvā (earth), tisraḥ (three), dve (two), kati (how many), varṣābhūḥ (rainy season), svasā (sister), mātā (mother), varā (boon), and gauḥ (cow).
नौर्वाक्त्वक्त्वक्प्राच्यवाचीति तिरश्ची समुदीच्यपि । शरद्विद्युत् सरिद्योषित् अग्निवित् सस्पदा दृशत् ।। ३५१.
Nau (boat), vāktvak (speech-skin), prācyavāc (eastern speech), tiraścī (oblique), samudīcī (northern), śarad (autumn), vidyut (lightning), sarit (river), yoṣit (woman), agnivit (possessed of fire), saspadā (having a place), dṛśat (seeing).
यैषा सा वेदवित्संवित् बह्वी राज्ञी त्वया मया । सीमा पञ्चादयो राजी धूः पूश्चैव दिशा गिरा ।। ३५१.
Yaiṣā (this one), sā (she), vedavit (knower of the Veda), saṃvit (consciousness), bahvī (much), rājñī (queen), tvayā (by you), mayā (by me), sīmā (boundary), pañca (five), ādayaḥ (beginning with), rājī (line), dhūḥ (smoke), pūḥ (city), diśā (direction), girā (speech).
चतस्रो विदुषी चैव केयं दिक् दृक् च तादृशो । असौ स्त्रियां नायकाश्च नायकाश्च नपुंसके ।। ३५१.
Catasraḥ (four), viduṣī (learned woman), keyam (who is this), dik (direction), dṛk (seer), tādṛśaḥ (such), asau (that one); these are feminine examples, and also neuter examples.
कुण्डं सर्वं सोमपञ्च दधि वारि खलप्वथ । मधु त्रपु कर्त्तृ भक्तृ अतिवक्तृ पयः पुरः ।। ३५१.
Kuṇḍa (pot), sarva (all), soma (soma), dadhi (curd), vāri (water), khalapvatha (threshing floor), madhu (honey), trapu (tin), kartṛ (doer), bhaktṛ (eater), ativaktṛ (over-speaker), payaḥ (milk), puraḥ (city).
प्राक्प्रत्यक् च तिर्य्यगुदक् जगद् जाग्रत्तथा सकृत् । सुसम्पच्च सुदण्डीह अहः किञ्चेदमित्यपि ।। ३५१.
East, west, and across, water, the world, waking, as well as once; well-cooked, well-punished here, day, and also this—these are some examples.
षट्सर्पिः श्रेयश्चत्वारि अदोऽन्ये हीदृशाः परे । एतेब्यः प्रथमादयश्च स्युः प्रातिपदिकात्पराः ।। ३५१.
Six clarified butters, four superior, others are of this kind, and the rest are different; from these, the primary forms arise, and those beyond the nominal base.
धातुप्रत्ययहीनं यत्स्यात् प्रातिपदिकन्तु तत् । प्रातिपदिकात् स्वलिङ्गार्थवचने प्रथमा भवेत् ।। ३५१.
That which is without a verbal root or suffix is called a nominal base; from the nominal base, the first case is formed to express its own gender and meaning.
सम्बोधने च प्रथमा उक्ते कर्म्मणि कर्त्तरि । कर्म्म यत् क्रियते तत्स्यात् द्वितीया कर्मणि स्मृता ।। ३५१.
In addressing and in the first case, both are used for the agent or the object; that which is acted upon is considered the object, and the second case is known for the object.
क्रियते येन करणं कर्त्ता यश्च करोति सः । अनुक्ते तिङ्कृत्तद्धितैस्तृतीया करणे भवेत् ।। ३५१.
That by which an action is performed is the instrument, and he who acts is the agent; when not explicitly stated, the third case is used for the instrument with verbal and secondary suffixes.
कारके कर्त्तरि च सा सम्प्रदाने चतुर्थ्यपि । यस्मै दित्सा धारयते सम्प्रदानं तदीरितं ।। ३५१.
In the sense of the agent and also in the recipient, the fourth case is used; to whom something is intended to be given, that is called the recipient.
अपादानं यतोऽपैति आदत्ते च भयं यतः । अपादाने पञ्चमी स्यात् स्वस्वाम्यादौ च षष्ठ्यपि ।। ३५१.
That from which something departs, or from which fear is taken, is the source; in the source, the fifth case is used, and in possession and ownership, the sixth case as well.
आधारो योऽधिकरणं विभक्तिस्तत्र सप्तमी । एकार्थे चैकवचनं द्व्यर्थे द्विवचनं भवेत् ।। ३५१.
Where there is a support or location, the seventh case is used; for one thing, the singular is used, for two things, the dual is employed.
बहुषु बहुवचनं सिद्धरूपाण्यथो वदे । वृक्षः सूर्य्योऽमबुवाहोऽर्क हेरवे हेद्विजातयः ।। ३५१.
For many, the plural is used; now I will state the established forms: vṛkṣaḥ, sūryaḥ, amabuvāhaḥ, arka, herava, he dvijātayaḥ.
विप्रौ गजान्महेन्द्रेण यमाब्यामनलैः कृतं । रामाय मुनिवर्य्याभ्यां केभ्यो धर्म्मात् हरौ रतिः ।। ३५१.
Viprau, by the elephants, by Mahendra, by Yama, by Anala, performed; for Rāma, by the best sages, from whom, from Dharma, in Hari, delight.
शराब्यां पुस्तकेभ्यश्च अर्थस्येश्वरयोर्गतिः । बालानां सज्जने प्रीतिर्हंसयोः कमलेषु च ।। ३५१.
By the two arrows, from the books, the movement of meaning to the lords; the affection of children for the virtuous, of swans for lotuses.
एवं काममहेशाद्याः शब्दा ज्ञेयाश्च वृक्षवत् । सर्वे विश्वे च सर्वस्मै सर्वस्मात्कतरो मतः ।। ३५१.
In this way, words such as Kāma, Maheśa, and others should be understood like 'tree'; all, universal, to all, from all, which is considered which.
सर्वेषां स्वञ्च विश्वस्मिन् शेषं रूपञ्च वृक्षवत् । एवञ्चोभयकतरकतमान्यतरादयः ।। ३५१.
Of all, and one's own, in the universe, and the remaining forms like 'tree'; likewise, both, either, whichever, and any such forms.
पूर्व्वे पूर्व्वाश्च पूर्वस्मै पूर्वस्मात् सुसमागतः । पूर्व्वो बुद्धिश्च पूर्वस्मिन् शेषरूपन्तु सर्ववत् ।। ३५१.
Earlier, and those before, to the former, from the former, well-joined; the former, and the intellect in the former, and the remaining forms as with all.