Agni Purana

विभावना विरोधश्च हेतुश्च सममष्टधा । स्वभाव एव भावानां स्वरूपमभिधीयते ।। ३४४.

Imagination, opposition, and cause—these eightfold together; the inherent nature of things is called their essential form.

निजमागन्तुकञ्चेति द्विविधं तदुदाहृतम् । सांसिद्धिकं निजं नैमित्तिकमागन्तुकं तथा ।। ३४४.

It is said to be of two kinds: innate and acquired; innate is natural, while acquired arises from a cause.

सादृश्यं धर्म्मसामान्यमुपमा रूपकं तथा । सहोक्त्यर्थान्तरन्यासाविति स्यात्तु चतुर्विधम् ।। ३४४.

Resemblance, common property, simile, and metaphor; co-expression and transference of meaning—thus, there are four kinds.

उपमा नाम सा यस्यामुपमानोपमेययोः । सत्ता चान्तरसामान्ययोगित्वेपि विवक्षितं ।। ३४४.

A simile is that in which, between the object of comparison and what is compared, there is an intended connection, even if only a general similarity.

किञ्चिदादाय सारूप्यं लोकयात्रा प्रवर्त्तते । समासेनासमासेन सा द्विधा प्रतियोगिनः ।। ३४४.

By taking some resemblance, worldly discourse proceeds; in brief or in detail, the counterparts are twofold.

विग्रहादभिधानश्य ससभासाऽन्यथोत्तरा । उपमाद्योतकपदेनोपमेयपदेन च ।। ३४४.

From the analysis of expression, with or without a word indicating similarity, and with the word for the compared object—

ताभ्याञ्च विग्रहात् त्रेधा ससमासान्तिमात् त्रिधा । विशिष्यमाणा उपमा भवन्त्यष्टादश स्फुटाः ।। ३४४.

From these two and from analysis, there are three; with or without compounds, there are three types; thus, the distinguished similes are clearly eighteen.

यत्र साधारणो धर्म्मः कथ्यते गम्यतेऽपि वा । ते धर्म्मवस्तुप्राधान्याद्धर्म्मवस्तूपमे उभे ।। ३४४.

Where a common property is stated or implied, due to the prominence of property or object, both are called property-simile or object-simile.

तुल्यमेवोपमीयेते यत्रान्योन्येन धर्म्मणौ । परस्परोपमा सा स्यात् प्रसिद्धेरन्यथा तयो ।। ३४४.

Where both are equally compared with each other in respect to a property, that is called mutual simile; otherwise, it is not so established.

विपरीतोपमा सा स्याद्व्यावृत्तेर्न्नियमोपमा । अन्यत्राप्यनुवृत्तेस्तु भवेदनियमोपमा ।। ३४४.

That is called inverse simile, due to exclusion; when the similarity is found elsewhere as well, it is called non-exclusive simile.

समुच्यतेपमातोऽन्यधर्म्मवाहुल्यकीर्त्तनात् । वहोर्धर्म्मस्य साम्येपि वैलक्षण्यं विवक्षितं ।। ३४४.

When, apart from the simile, there is mention of many other properties, and even with similarity in the main property, distinction is intended.

यदुच्यतेऽतिरिक्तत्वं व्यतिरेकोपमा तु सा । यत्रोपमा स्याद्वहुभिः सदृशैः सा बहूपमा ।। ३४४.

When excess is stated, that is called excessive simile; where the simile is with many similar things, it is called multiple simile.

धर्म्माः प्रत्युपमानञ्चेदन्ये मालोपमैव सा। उपमानविकारेण लुलना विक्रियोपमा ।। ३४४.

If the properties are compared with different objects, that is called garland-simile; when the object of comparison is altered, it is called changing simile.

त्रैलोक्यासम्भवि किमप्यारोप्य प्रतियोगिनि । कविनोपमीयते या प्रथते साद्‌भुतोपमा ।। ३४४.

When something impossible in the three worlds is attributed to the counterpart, and a poet compares it, that is called a marvelous simile.

प्रतियोगिनमारोष्य तदभेदेन कीर्त्तनम् । उपमेयस्य सा मोहोपमाऽसौ भ्रान्तिमद्वचः ।। ३४४.

When the counterpart is imposed and, without distinction, the subject is described as identical, that is called a delusive simile, the speech of one who is confused.

उभयोर्धर्म्मिणोस्तथ्यानिश्चयात् संशयोपमा । उपमेयस्य संशय्य निश्चयान्निश्चयोपमा ।। ३४४.

When there is uncertainty about the properties of both, it is called a doubtful simile; when the subject is doubted, it is a simile of uncertainty; when certainty is established, it is a simile of certainty.

वाक्यार्थेनैव वाक्यार्थोपमा स्यादुपमानतः । आत्मनोपमानादुपमा साधारण्यतिशायिनी ।। ३४४.

When the meaning of a sentence itself is compared to the meaning of another sentence, that is a sentence-simile; when the comparison is to oneself, it is a simile surpassing commonality.

उपमेयं यदन्यस्य तदन्यस्योपमा मता । यद्युत्तरोत्तरं याति तदाऽसौ गगनोपमा ।। ३४४.

When the subject is compared to something else, that is considered a simile; when it proceeds step by step, it is called a sky-simile.

प्रशंसा चैव निन्दा च कल्पिता सदृशो तथा । किञ्चिच्च सदृशी ज्ञेया उपमा पञ्चधा पुनः ।। ३४४.

Praise, censure, and imagined similarity, as well as partial similarity—thus, the simile is known to be fivefold.

उपमानेन यत्तत्त्वमुपमेयस्य रूप्यते । गुणानां समतां दृष्ट्वा रूपकं नाम तद्विदुः ।। ३४४.

When the true nature of the subject is represented by the comparison, seeing the equality of qualities, that is known as a metaphor.

उपमैव तिरोभूतभेदा रूपकमेव वा । सहोक्तिः सहभावेन कथनं तुल्यधर्म्मिणां ।। ३४४.

When the distinction of the simile is concealed, or even the metaphor, then 'sahokti' is the expression of similar properties together.

भवेदर्थान्तरन्यासः सादृश्येनोत्तरेण सः । अन्यथोपस्थिता वृत्तिश्चेतन्स्येतरस्य च ।। ३४४.

When, by similarity, another meaning is introduced subsequently, or when the function appears otherwise, that is called 'arthantaranyasa' or 'vritti' of another kind.

अन्यथा मन्यते यत्र तामुत्प्रेक्षआं प्रचक्षते । लोकसीमानिवृत्तस्य वस्तुधर्म्मस्य कीर्त्तनम् ।। ३४४.

Where something is imagined otherwise, that is called 'utpreksha'—the description of a property of a thing that transcends the limits of the world.

भवेदतिशयो नाम सम्भवासम्भवाद् द्विधा । गुणजातिक्रियादीनां यत्र वैकल्यदर्शनं ।। ३४४.

Excess, called 'atishaya', is twofold: possible and impossible; where there is a perception of deficiency in qualities, species, actions, and so on.

विशेषदर्शनायैव सा विशेषोक्तिरुच्यते । प्रसिद्धहेतुव्यावृत्या यत् किञ्चित् कारणआन्तरम् ।। ३४४.

For the sake of showing distinction, that is called 'vishesokti'; when, by excluding a known cause, some other reason is given.

यत्र स्वाभाविकत्वं वा विभाव्यं सा विभावना । सङ्गतीकरणं युक्त्या यदसंगच्छमानयोः ।। ३४४.

Where naturalness or inherent quality is to be inferred, that is called 'vibhavana'; when two unrelated things are brought together by reasoning.

विरोधपूर्वकत्वेन तद्विरोध इति स्मृतं । सिसाधयिषितार्थस्य हेतुर्भवति साधकः ।। ३४४.

When opposition is presented first, that is known as 'virodha'; for what one wishes to establish, the reason becomes the means of proof.

कारको ज्ञापक इति द्विधा सोऽप्युपजायते । प्रवर्त्तते कारकाख्यः प्राक् पश्चात् कार्य्यजन्मनः ।। ३४४.

The means is twofold: as agent and as indicator; the agent operates before, and the indicator after, the production of the effect.

पूर्व्वशेष इति ख्यातस्तयोरेव विशेषयोः । कार्य्यकारणभावद्वा स्वभावाद्वा नियामकात् ।। ३४४.

This is known as the 'residue of the prior', in the distinction between the two; either by the relation of cause and effect, or by the nature determined by necessity.