Agni Purana

तिर्य्यग्बन्धमपामार्गं५ भीमवेगं सुदर्शनं । सिंहाक्रान्तं गजाक्रान्तं गर्द्दभाक्रान्तमेव च ।। २५२.

Binding sideways, the Apāmārga technique, terrible force, the Sudarshana, the lion's leap, the elephant's leap, and the ass's leap as well.

गदाकर्माणि जानीयान्नियुद्धस्याथ कर्म च । आकर्षणं विकषञ्च बाहूनां मूलमेव च ।। २५२.

One should know the actions of the mace and the techniques of wrestling: pulling, twisting, and the root of the arms.

ग्रीवाविपरिवर्त्तञ्च पृष्ठभङ्गं सुदारुणं । पर्य्यासनविपर्य्यासौ पशुमारमजाविकं ।। २५२.

Turning the neck, breaking the back, which is very terrible, reversing and counter-reversing, and the slaughter of sheep and goats.

पादप्रहारमास्फोटं ककटिरेचितकन्तथा । गात्रश्लेषं स्कन्धगतं महीव्याजनमेव च ।। २५२.

Striking with the foot, smashing, raising at the waist, embracing the body, mounting the shoulder, and sweeping the ground.

उरोललाटघातञ्च विस्पष्टकरणन्तथा । उद्‌धूतमवधूतञ्च तिर्य्यङ्मार्गगतं तथा ।। २५२.

Striking the chest and forehead, making it clear, tossing up and shaking down, and moving along a transverse path.

गजस्कन्धमवक्षेपमपराङ्‌मुखमेव च । देवमार्गमधोमार्गममार्गगमनाकुलं ।। २५२.

Throwing down from the elephant's shoulder, turning away, the divine path, the downward path, and the confusion of moving in the wrong direction.

यष्टिघातमवक्षेपो वसुधादारणन्तथा । जानुबन्धं भुजाबन्धं गात्रबन्धं सुदारुणं ।। २५२.

Striking with a staff, throwing down, tearing up the earth, binding the knees, binding the arms, and binding the limbs, which is very terrible.

विपृष्ठं सोदकं शुभ्रं भुजावेष्टितमेव च । सन्नद्धैः संयुगे भाव्यं सशस्त्रैस्तैर्गजादिभिः ।। २५२.

Striking from behind, with water, shining, and binding the arms; in battle, these should be done with armor and weapons by elephants and others.

वराङ्कुशधरौ चोभौ एको ग्रीवागतोऽपरः । स्कन्धगौ द्वौ च धानुष्कौ द्वौ च खड्‌गधरौगजे ।। २५२.

Both holding the best goad, one at the neck, two at the shoulders, two archers, and two sword-bearers on the elephant.

रथे रणे गजे चैव तुरङ्गाणां त्रयं भवेत् । धानुष्काणान्त्रयं प्रोक्तं रक्षआर्थे तुरगस्य च ।। २५२.

On a chariot, in battle, and on an elephant, there should be three horsemen; three archers are prescribed for the protection of the horse.

धन्विनो रक्षणार्थाय चर्मिणन्तु६ नियोजयेत् । स्वमन्त्रैः शस्त्रमभ्यर्च्य शास्त्रान्त्रैलोक्यमोहनं ।। २५२.

For the protection of the archer, one should appoint a shield-bearer; having worshipped the weapon with his own mantras, he should use the treatise that bewilders the three worlds.

अग्निरुवाच व्यवहारं प्रवक्षअयामि नयानयविवेकदं । चतुष्पाच्च चतुःस्थानश्चतुःसाधन उच्यते ।। २५३.

Agni spoke: I will explain legal procedure, which distinguishes right from wrong; it is said to have four feet, four bases, and four means.

चतुर्हितश्चतुर्व्यापी चतुष्कारी चकीत्तर्यते । अष्टाह्गोऽष्टादशपदः शतशाखस्तथैव च ।। २५३.

It is fourfold in benefit, fourfold in scope, fourfold in action, and thus is described; it has eight limbs, eighteen sections, and a hundred branches as well.

त्रियोनिर्द्व्यभियोगश्च द्विद्वारो द्विगतिस्तथा । धर्मश्च व्यवहारश्च चरित्रं राजशासनं ।। २५३.

There are three origins, two types of litigation, two gates, and two courses; dharma, legal procedure, custom, and royal command.

चतुष्पाद्व्यवहाराणामुत्तरः पूर्वसाधकः । तत्र सत्ये स्थितो धर्मो ब्यवहारस्तु साक्षिषु ।। २५३.

Of the four feet of legal procedure, the last confirms the first; in this, dharma stands in truth, and legal procedure rests upon witnesses.

चरित्रं सङ्‌ग्रहे पुंसां राजाज्ञायान्तु शासनं । सामाभ्युपायसाध्यत्वाच्चतुःसाधन उच्यते ।। २५३.

Custom is the collective conduct of people, and royal command is the king’s order; because it is accomplished by four means, it is so called.

चतुर्णामाश्रमाणाञ्च रक्षणात्स चतुर्हितः । कर्त्तारं साक्षइणश्चैव सत्यान्राजानमेव च ।। २५३.

Because it protects the four orders of life, it is fourfold in benefit; the doer, the witnesses, the truthful, and the king himself.

व्याप्नोते पादगो यस्माच्चतुर्व्यापी ततः स्मृतः । धर्मस्यार्थस्य यशसो लोकपङक्तेस्तथैव च ।। २५३.

Because the agent extends to four domains, it is known as fourfold in scope: dharma, wealth, fame, and the world’s welfare.

चतुर्णाङ्करणादेष चतुष्कारी प्रकीर्त्तितः । राजा स पुरुषः सभ्याः शास्त्रं गणकलेखकौ ।। २५३.

Because it is accomplished by four agents, it is called fourfold in action: the king, the person, the judges, the scripture, and the accountant and scribe.

हिरण्यमग्निरुदकमष्टाङ्गः समुदाहृतः । कामात् क्रोधाच्च लोभाच्च त्रिभ्यो यस्मात् प्रवर्त्तते ।। २५३.

Gold, fire, water—these are called the eight limbs; because it arises from desire, anger, and greed, from these three it proceeds.

त्रियोनिः कीर्त्यते तेन त्रयमेतद्विवादकृत् । द्व्यभियोगस्तु विज्ञेयः शङ्कातत्त्वाभियोगतः ।। २५३.

Three origins are thus described, and these three cause disputes; two types of litigation are to be known: arising from suspicion and from factual assertion.

शङ्काषड्‌भिस्तु संसर्गात्तत्त्वषोढ़ादिदर्शणात् । पज्ञद्वयाभिसम्बन्धाद्‌द्विद्वारः समुदाहृतः ।। २५३.

Suspicion arises from six kinds of contact, and factual assertion from seeing what is due; because of the connection of two kinds of knowledge, two gates are declared.

पूर्ववादस्तयोः पक्षः प्रतिपक्षस्त्वनन्तरः । भूतच्छलानुसारित्वाद्‌द्विगतिः समुदाहृता ।। २५३.

Of the two, the prior statement is the claim, and the counterclaim follows; because of following actual or deceptive grounds, two courses are declared.

ऋणन्देयमदेयञ्च येन यत्र यथा च यत् । दानग्रहणघर्मश्च ऋणादानमिति स्मृतम् ।। २५३.

Debt, what is to be given, what is not to be given, by whom, where, how, and what; giving, receiving, and obligation—this is called debt-taking.

स्वद्रव्यं यत्र विश्रम्भान्निक्षिपत्यविशङ्कितः । निक्षएपन्नामतत् प्रोक्तं व्यवहारपदम्बुधैः ।। २५३.

Where one deposits his own property in trust, without suspicion; this is called deposit, as named by the experts in legal procedure.

वणिक्प्रभृतयो यत्र कर्म सम्भूय कुर्वते । तत्सम्भूयसमुत्थानं व्यवहारपदं विदुः ।। २५३.

Where merchants and others join together to perform work; the arising from such joint action is known as a legal matter.

दत्त्वा द्रव्यञ्च चसम्यग्यः पुनरादातुमिच्छति । दत्त्वाप्रदानिकं नाम तद्विवादपदं स्मृतम् ।। २५३.

When one gives property properly and then wishes to take it back; this is called 'given but not returned,' and is regarded as a cause for dispute.

अभ्युपेत्य च शुश्रूषां यस्तां न प्रतिपद्यते । अशुश्रूषाब्युपेत्यैतद्विवादपदमुच्यते ।। २५३.

When one agrees to serve and does not fulfill that service; this is called 'failure to serve after agreement,' and is named as a cause for dispute.

भृत्यानां वेतनस्योक्तादानादानविधिक्रिया । वेतनस्यानपाकर्म तद्विवादपदं स्मृतम् ।। २५३.

The prescribed procedure for paying and receiving wages of servants; failure to pay wages is regarded as a cause for dispute.